Things to do

Possible operations (non-exhaustive):

• Clean-up: remove dust and scratches, rotate, crop, minor histogram work
• Retouching: simple clean-up + remove tears & stains, add/repair minor image elements (e.g. corners, non-relevant background), major histogram work (reinterpret colours, treat parts of image differently)
• Reconstruction: retouching + add/repair major image areas (e.g. body parts, elements only present in other images, interpolation).

Places to go

Possible targets (non-exhaustive, can be combined):

• The image as it was first produced (e.g. a photo just after developing, a painting just after being finished).
• The subject as it is now, minus photographic artefacts (e.g. a photo of a painting or building: remove only dust and scratches on the photo, not on the painting or building) (e.g. a
• The subject as it would be if you were looking at it in ideal circumstances (e.g. remove double exposures in photos, correct over/underexposure, correct faded colours)
• A better image (e.g. straighten horizon, different crop, selective sharpening)

Philosophical intermezzo

When (not) to do what + examples

Garbage in, garbage out

Start with as high resolution, as well scanned images as possible. Start, if at all possible, with lossless formats.

Small to large

Start with the smallest operations (e.g. dust), work towards the larger operations (e.g. tears).

Primum non nocere

Work non-destructively if at all possible (e.g. adjustment layers)

Be a packrat

Keep all intermediary changes (if at all possible in layers in one file)

Document

Document the different stages of the restoration.

Old photos are not digital photos

• Explain about photographic process?
• Grain is not noise. Megapixels have no meaning.
• Techniques: glass negative, emulsion, yadda yadda

How do pictures degrade?

• Digitizing: dust, loss of resolution, colour depth, etc. (can a scanner capture iridescence?)
• Deterioration of the support due to age: cracked glass negative, cracks in emulsion, fading, etc.
• Physical damage: tears, stains, fading, fold marks, etc.

Starting out

Get a rough idea of the final result you're looking for.

Don't do unnecessary work: indicate the final crop and rotation of the image to get an idea of the area you're going to be dealing with. But do not, under any circumstances, work on a rotated or cropped version. Rotate and indicate the crop, then go back and work on the original image.

Low-hanging fruit

First of all: tackle obvious dust and scratches. Put on some music, we'll be here for a while.

• Zap using the Healing Brush tool
  • [add principles, techniques & examples]
  • [explain the clone brush / healing brush-two step]
• Patch Tool for simple stuff
• Clone Brush

Out, damn'd spot! out, I say!

Even when it all looks clean, it isn't. Step two: remove non-obvious dust and scratches.

• Levels adjustment layer to enhance contrast
• Over the top sharpening to bring out unnatural image elements
• Clean at high magnification (200% - 400%), zoom out to 100%, clean again, zoom to 50%, clean again. Lather, rinse, repeat.

Fill in the blanks

Sometimes the information is just gone.

• [cloning, techniques, etc.]
  • Dealing with texture

Living on the edge

Edges are often hard:

• wear & tear
• fingerprints
• spots & stains
• peeling/cracked/... negatives

Avoid doing unnecessary work: clean up right up to the major problem areas, then decide on a crop area and do the rest.

Use a crop mask to preview the crop.

Colour and contrast

• The Histogram Is Your Friend™ -- today is Better Know A Histogram Day
• Tools:
  • Levels
  • Curves
• General adjustments
• Local adjustments
  • Vignetting, fading and folds
  • Large stains

Stuff to fit in there somewhere

• Stains and discolorations
• Sharpening
• Despeckling
• FFT

Final prep

• Cropping / rotating
• Naming