Earlier diagrams

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  Diagram of the Relation of Human and Cosmic Phenomena. 9th century
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  Diagram illustrating the relationship of the Planets to the Brain, 1159-75
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  Head, showing cells of brain ventricles, c. 1347
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  Circles on either side of the head illustrate the four supposed ventricles of the brain, 14th c.
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  The brain, and ways of excretion of humours, c. 1428
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  The Ventricles, from 1489 to 1503
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  Diagram showing the Ventricles of the Brain, 1496

16th century

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  nl:Jan van Doesborch (1470/80–1536)
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  Study of the skull metallic point paper by Leonardo da Vinci, 1510
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  Margarita philosophica nova cui insunt sequentia by Gregor Reisch, 1512
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  Congestorium artificiose by Johann Romberch, 1533
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  Andreas Vesalius' famous De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, published in 1543

17th century

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  Robert Fludd (1574 – 1637)
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  René Descartes (1596-1650)
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  René Descartes (1596-1650)
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  Diagram of ventricles of brain by Descartes

18th century

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  "Astonishment" from Le Brun, ca 1720
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  "Fear" from Le Brun, Characters des passions, circa 1720.
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  "Horror" from Le Brun, ca. 1720
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  "Sadness" from Le Brun, Characters des passions, circa 1720.
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  Characters and Caricaturas by William Hogarth, 1743

19th century

Phrenology

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  Explanation of the new physiognomical system of the brain, 1818
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  Symbolical head, After O.S. Fowler, c.1845
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  Gustav Scheve, Phrenologische Bilder, 1852-55
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  Phrenological organs, 1887

Other works

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  Ernst Mach's Antimetaphysische Vorbemerkungen, 1886

20th century

Philosophy of mind diagrams

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  Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing, 1936
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  Type physicalism, proposed by John Smart and Ullin Place in the 1950s
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  Multiple realizability, proposed by Hilary Putnam in the 1960s
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  Brain in a vat, proposed by Hilary Putnam (1981)
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  Cartesian theater, proposed by Daniel Dennett (1990)

Diagrams of cognitive models

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  Filter Model by Donald Broadbent, 1958-2012
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  Baddeley's model of working memory, 1974
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  Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model, 1974
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  The MARS diagram, 1979
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  Baddeley working memory, 1986
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  Graphical representation of Flower & Hayes' 1981 model of the cognitive processes involved in writing
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  PRS Agent Architecture based on diagram from Georgeff and Ingrand, 1989;
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  Model of human information processing after Sanders and McCormick, 1991

21st century

Philosophy of mind, diagrams

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  Neural Correlates of Consciousness, Christof Koch (2004)
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  Eight types of consciousness, 2016

Diagrams of cognitive models

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  Categories in the cognitive domain of the revised Bloom's taxonomy (Anderson et al. 2000)
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  Fundamental structure of a 4D/RCS control loop, 2002.
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  4D-RCS Five levels of the architecture for Demo III, 2002
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  Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, (Mayer, 2005)
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  Left and Right Brain, (Webber, 2007)
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  Cognitive Thought Model (Instructional Design), 2009
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  IDA Cognitive Architecture, (Graeme E. Smith 2009)
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  Schematic memory, 2009
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  abstract and symbolic representation of the term "Bewusstseinsoekologie", 2010
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  Modal model of the mind, 2010
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  Different forms of Awareness, (Carlo Monsanto, 2011)
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  Memory functions, (Bernhard Wenzl, 2011)
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  ADDIE Model of Design, 2012

Illustrations of the mind

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  2010
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  2011
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  2013
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  2015