Wikimore

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably originally a root aorist, present singular *tred-, non-singular *trud-, from a possible Pre-Germanic *dret-, which could theoretically be an extension of Proto-Indo-European Category:Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#TRUDANĄ *dr- (“to run”), compare *drem- (“to run, sleep”) and *dreh₂- (“to run”) (the latter whence Sanskrit द्रा (drā, “to run, make haste”)).^[1] Akin to Proto-Slavic *dьrtěti (“to degrade, to age”).

Pronunciation

Verb

*trudanąCategory:Proto-Germanic lemmas#TRUDANĄ Category:Proto-Germanic verbs#TRUDANĄ Category:Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header#TRUDANĄ Category:Pages with entries#TRUDANĄ Category:Pages with 1 entry#TRUDANĄ

to tread, to step on

Inflection

The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

Conjugation of *trudaną (strong class 4)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*trudō	*trudaų	—	*trudai	?
2nd singular	*trudizi	*trudaiz	*trud	*trudazai	*trudaizau
3rd singular	*trudidi	*trudai	*trudadau	*trudadai	*trudaidau
1st dual	*trudōz	*trudaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*trudadiz	*trudaidiz	*trudadiz	—	—
1st plural	*trudamaz	*trudaim	—	*trudandai	*trudaindau
2nd plural	*trudid	*trudaid	*trudid	*trudandai	*trudaindau
3rd plural	*trudandi	*trudain	*trudandau	*trudandai	*trudaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*trad	*trēdį̄
2nd singular	*trast	*trēdīz
3rd singular	*trad	*trēdī
1st dual	*trēdū	*trēdīw
2nd dual	*trēdudiz	*trēdīdiz
1st plural	*trēdum	*trēdīm
2nd plural	*trēdud	*trēdīd
3rd plural	*trēdun	*trēdīn

	present	past
participles	*trudandz	*trudanaz

Category:Proto-Germanic class 4 strong verbs#TRUDANĄ

Derived terms

Related terms

*tradō
?*truzlą

Descendants

The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-. The u-vocalism is retained, however, in the Old High German deverbal noun trota (see below).

Proto-West Germanic: *tredan
- Old English: tredan
  - Middle English: treden, trede, treedyn, treede, treeden, tradde
    - English: tread
    - Scots: trad, tred
    - Yola: trad
- Old Frisian: treda
  - Saterland Frisian: treede
  - West Frisian: trêdzje
- Old Saxon: *tredan
  - Middle Low German: trēden
    - Low German: träden, träen, trään; treden, treen; triäden, triän
    - Plautdietsch: träden
    - → Swedish: träda
    - → Danish: træde
      - Norwegian Bokmål: tre
    - → Faroese: træða, treða
- Old Dutch: tredan
  - Middle Dutch: trēden
    - Dutch: treden
      - Afrikaans: tree
    - Limburgish: traeje
- Old High German: trëtan, (West Central German) *trëdan
  - Middle High German: trëten; trëden
    - Alemannic German: trätte, trette
    - Bavarian: tretn
    - Central Franconian: tredde, träde, treade
      - Hunsrik: trede
      - Luxembourgish: trieden
    - German: treten
- ⇒ Old High German: trota (“winepress”)
  - Middle High German: trote, trotte
    - German: Trotte
  - ⇒ Old High German: trotōn (“to press wine”)
    - Middle High German: trotten
    - →? Medieval Latin: trottō, trotō
      - Old French: trotter, troter
        Middle French: trotter
        French: trotter
        → Middle High German: trotten (“to trot”) (ca. 1400)
        German: trotten
        → Middle English: trotten
        English: trot
      - Italian: trottare
      - Spanish: trotar
      - Portuguese: trotar
      - Occitan: trotar
Old Norse: troða, truða
- Icelandic: troða
- Faroese: troða
- Norwegian: trå, trø
- Elfdalian: troðå
- Old Swedish: troþa, trudha
  - Swedish: tråda, trå; (träda)
- Danish: tråde, trå (dialectal); (træde)
Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan)

References

↑ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*tredan- ~ *trudan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 521

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*tredan- ~ *trudan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 521

[1]