Wikimore

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂erh₃-Category:Proto-Indo-European lemmas#H2ERH3-Category:Proto-Indo-European roots#H2ERH3-Category:Proto-Indo-European HeRH-shaped roots#H2ERH3-Category:Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header#H2ERH3-Category:Pages with entries#H₂ERH₃-Category:Pages with 1 entry#H₂ERH₃-^[1]^[2]

Category:ine-pro:Agriculture#H2ERH3- to plough

Reconstruction notes

The possible Hittite cognate [script needed]Category:Requests for native script for Hittite terms#H₂ERH₃- (ḫarra-ⁱ, “to grind, crush”) and Tocharian B āre (“dust, loose earth”) may indicate that the root originally meant "to crush," whence "to plough" via a meaning "to crush the soil."^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂erh₃- (27 c, 0 e)

*h₂ér-ye-ti (ye-present)^[1]
*h₂ḗrh₃-s-t ~ *h₂érh₃-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: ·ara (3sg.pres.subj. of airid)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἤροσα (ḗrosa)
*h₂órh₃-ey ~ *h₂r̥h₃-énti^[4]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - >? Hittite: [script needed]Category:Requests for native script for Hittite terms#H₂ERH₃- (ḫarra-ⁱ, “to grind, crush”)
*h₂érh₃-ti-s
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Celtiberian: aratim (“farmland”)
*h₂erh₃-tó-s^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀροτός (arotós, “ploughable”)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄροτος (árotos, “ploughing, (ploughed) land”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: arātum
*h₂érh₃-tro-m (“ard, plough”)
*h₂érh₃-wr̥ ~ *h₂r̥h₃-wén-s^[5]
*h₂erh₃-wós (“arable”)
- >? Proto-Celtic: *arwī (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *arawos (see there for further descendants)
(uncertain) *h₂r̥h₃-eh₂ (“fertile soil”)
- Proto-Albanian: *arwa
  - Albanian: arë

Unsorted formations

(possibly) Indo-Iranian: *áryas (“Aryan”) (see there for further descendants)
Latgalian: aramaite (“ploughed field, arable land”)
Old Armenian: հարաւունք (harawunkʻ) < *h₂erh₃-won-
(possibly) Old Armenian: արաւս (araws)

References

1 2 Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN
1 2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 272-3
↑ Kroonen, Guus; Jakob, Anthony; Palmér, Axel; van Sluis, Paulus; Wigman, Andrew (12 October 2022), “Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages”, in Wichmann, Søren, editor, PLoS ONE‎, volume 17, number 10, →DOI, page 12 of 45
↑ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ḫarra-ⁱ / ḫarr-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 300-301
1 2 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “h₂erh₃-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 322-8