List of historical unrecognized states

Category:Articles with short descriptionCategory:Short description is different from Wikidata

Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2023Category:All articles with style issues
The Islamic Emirate of Yemen (2015–2020) is an example of an unrecognized state.

These lists of historical unrecognized or partially recognized states give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities that wished to be recognized as sovereign states, but did not enjoy worldwide diplomatic recognition. The entries listed here had de facto control over significant claimed territory and were self-governing with a desire for full independence.

Criteria for inclusion

The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to those of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed sovereignty, have not been recognized by any widely accepted state for a significant portion of its de facto existence, developed characteristics of statehood beyond that of a provisional government, and either:

  • had a population and an organized government with a capacity to enter into relations with other states; or
  • had de facto control over a territory or a significant portion of the territory of an otherwise-recognized sovereign state

Africa

Name Date Capital Now part of Notes
Republic of Swellendam 1795 Swellendam South Africa A republic declared in revolt against the Dutch East India Company; it lasted 3 months before being re-incorporated into the Cape Colony.[1]
Graaff-Reinet Graaff-Reinet Formed in rebellion to Dutch East India Company; it took 2 years to be incorporated into the Cape Colony, though this time under British rule.[2]
Islands of Refreshment

(Tristan da Cunha)

 1811–1816 Reception United Kingdom Declared by American whaler Jonathan Lambert and four others, who were the first permanent inhabitants of the modern day Tristan da Cunha islands in the South Atlantic. Lambert declared himself the sovereign of the islands. Annexed in 1816 by the Cape Colony under the United Kingdom to prevent France from obtaining the islands.[3]
Griqualand West 1813 Kimberley South Africa Enjoyed de facto independence since the founding of Griquatown in 1813, Griqualand West eventually proclaimed itself a British colony in 1873. It did not gain recognition by Britain nor the neighboring Cape Colony and was annexed in 1880.[4]
Potchefstroom Republic 1830 Potchefstroom A republic that existed only for a couple of months before joining with Winburg Republic. It was effectively a city-state.[5]
Winburg Republic 1836 Winburg Established on land on the Vet and Vaal Rivers donated to the Voortrekkers by Bataung Chief Makwana in 1836 in exchange for protection from neighboring Basotho tribes. Joined in union with the newly established Potchefstroom Republic in 1838 to form the Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom.[6]
Mississippi-in-Africa 1837–1842 ? Liberia Founded in the 1830s by the Mississippi Colonization Society of the United States and settled by American free people of color, many of them former slaves. Ultimately absorbed into Liberia in the 1840s.[7]
Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom 1838 Potchefstroom, Winburg South Africa Formed from the union of the Potchefstroom Republic and the Winburg Republic in 1838; the nation lasted until Potchefstroom left the union to join with Pietermaritzburg.[8]
Natalia Republic 1839 Pietermaritzburg Established in 1839 by local Afrikaans-speaking Voortrekkers after the Battle of Blood River. This Boer Republic lasted for four years before being annexed by British troops under George Napier.[9]
Andries-Ohringstad Republic 1845 Ohrigstad A fort was established by a group of Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Hendrik Potgieter with the help of a Dutch merchant Gregorius Ohrig. The settlers arrived in 1845 and were decimated by malaria. Forced to abandon the area, the republic was officially abandoned in 1849.[10]
Liberia 1847–1862 Monrovia Liberia A collection of African American settlements in West Africa, sponsored by the American Colonization Society. The purpose of Liberia was to repatriate freed slaves back to Africa from the United States. The US government refused to recognize Liberia's independence until 1862, during the American Civil War.[11]
Utrecht Republic 1854 Utrecht South Africa A republic proclaimed by Andreas Theodorus Spies following a land purchase from the King of the Zulu, Mpande. It joined with the Lydenburg Republic in 1858.[12]
Republic of Maryland 1854–1857 Harper Liberia An African American settlement in West Africa, whose independence was unrecognized by the United States. It joined the also unrecognized Liberia in 1857 in reaction to a native insurgency.[13]
Lydenburg Republic 1856 Lydenburg South Africa A Boer republic which was created following the dissolution of the Andries-Ohringstad Republic. Eventually this nation expanded with the inclusion of the Utrecht Republic in 1858. The republic lasted until 1860 when it was incorporated into the South African Republic[14]
Republic of Zoutpansberg 1857 ? A small Boer Republic that joined with the South African Republic in 1864. The white settlers in Zoutpansberg had for many years a reputation for lawlessness, and were later regarded as typical "back velt Boers". Zoutpansberg contained a larger native population than any other region of the Transvaal.[15]
Sultanate of Utetera 1860–1887 Kasongo Democratic Republic of Congo Founded by infamous slave trader Tippu Tip[16]
Klipdrift Republic 1870 Barkly West South Africa A Republic proclaimed during a dispute over diamond mines near what would become Griqualand West.[17]
Free Republic of Rehoboth 1872–1990 Rehoboth Namibia The Baster are a community of mixed race descent, who left the British-ruled Cape Colony in 1868 and settled in a territory on a high plateau between the Namib and Kalahari deserts in what is now central Namibia, where they founded the Free Republic of Rehoboth (Rehoboth Gebiet), in 1872. They adopted a constitution known in Afrikaans as the Vaderlike Wette (Paternal Laws), which still continues to govern the internal affairs of the Baster community into the 21st century. Since the independence of Namibia, in 1990, the new state confiscated all of their territory without compensation.[18]
Republic of Stellaland 1882 Vryburg South Africa A Boer republic located in an area of British Bechuanaland (now in South Africa's North West Province), west of the Transvaal. After unification with the neighbouring State of Goshen, it became the United States of Stellaland[19]
Goshen Rooigrond, Mafikeng A short-lived Boer republic in southern Africa founded by Boers expanding west from Transvaal who opposed British advance in the region.

Located in Tswana territory west of the Transvaal, Goshen existed as an independent nation for a short period; from 1882 to 1883 as the State of Goshen and, after unification with neighbouring Stellaland, as the United States of Stellaland[20]

United States of Stellaland 1883 Vryburg A Boer republic which created from the union of neighboring Republic of Stellaland and State of Goshen. The republic lasted until it became a protectorate of the South African Republic on 10 September 1884 only to be annexed 6 days later.[21]
Colinsland 1884–1885 ? Guinea Disputed German colony in modern-day Guinea. The colony was initiated by the German merchant Frederick Colin, with limited support from the German government. Conceded to France (which had already claimed the area) in exchange for minor territories in other parts of Africa, and respect for Colin's commercial rights in the territory.[22]
Republic of Lijdensrust 1884–1887 Grootfontein Namibia It was a short-lived Boer republic in the area of present-day Namibia. Declared on 20 October 1885, it was originally named Upingtonia, but its name was changed soon after, as the reason for its original name proved worthless. In 1887, it was merged into German South-West Africa.[23]
Nieuwe Republiek 1884–1888 Vryheid South Africa Created on 16 August 1884 with land donated by the Zulus through a treaty. The territory was part of the old Boer Republic of Natalia. The republic enjoyed independence until it was annexed by the South African Republic by its own request.[24]
Mahdist State 1885–1899 Omdurman Sudan Islamic state established during the Mahdist War by rebels. The rebellion failed and the state was dissolved.[25]
Klein Vrystaat 1886 Vaalkop Farm South Africa A Boer republic which declared its independence from lands formerly controlled by the Swazi king Mswati II. It was eventually incorporated into the South African Republic in 1891 at its own request.[26]
Dervish State 1895–1920 Eyl, Taleh Somalia, Somaliland and Ethiopia A state in Ciid-Nugaal wherein Diiriye Guure was king and his emir Mohammed Abdullah Hassan launched an armed resistance against colonial powers (specifically the United Kingdom, Italy, and Ethiopia) in Somalia. It was eventually defeated in 1920 by the British and Italians.[27]
South African Republic 1914–1915 Pretoria South Africa A provisional government set up in the Maritz Rebellion of the First World War. It was an attempt by Boer troops to revive the South African Republic, which had been annexed into the British Empire twelve years prior at the conclusion of the Second Boer War. The mutiny was put down in under six months by the South African government.[28]
Zaian confederation 1914–1921 ? Morocco A confederation of Berber tribesmen in the interior of Morocco, which resisted French conquest in the Middle Atlas mountains for several years. The confederacy was supported by the Central Powers following the outbreak of the First World War, and was only subdued after the Treaty of Versailles.[29]
Sultanate of Darfur 1915–1916 Kobbei, al-Fashir Sudan A protectorate of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The Sultan, Ali Dinar, renounced his allegiance to the British Empire in support of the Ottoman Empire, after their entry into the First World War against Britain. The rebellion was put down in the 1916 Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition.[30]
Senussiyya 1915–1917, 1923–1932, 1939–1951 ? Libya and Niger An Arab religious order that controlled much of Libya and northern Niger throughout the early 20th century. Fought against French colonial expansion in Niger during the Kaocen revolt. Fought against Italian colonization in three stages:
Tripolitanian Republic 1918–1923 ʽAziziya Libya A republic proclaimed following the Paris Peace Conference; it disintegrated sometime in 1923 and was annexed into Italian Tripolitania.[32]
Republic of the Rif 1921–1926 Ajdir Morocco An independent Berber republic declared following a rebellion against Spanish rule within the Rif region of northern Morocco. The republic was made up of a confederation of many Berber tribes. Defeated by Spain, with French military assistance, in the protracted Rif War.[33]
Macha Oromo Confederation 1936 Gore Ethiopia Rump Oromo state in western Ethiopia that was proclaimed following Italian victory in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Requested to be accepted as a British mandate territory to avoid annexation into the Italian Empire, but was recognized by no country and was occupied by the Italian army within the year.[34]
Sultanate of M'Simbati 1959 ? Tanzania Latham Leslie-Moore, a retired civil servant, declared the secession of the "Sultanate of M'Simbati" from the then colony of Tanganyika. The "secession" was suppressed in 1962 by Tanzanian government troops.[35]
State of Katanga 1960–1963 Lubumbashi Democratic Republic of the Congo Declared secession during the Congo Crisis. Controlled the state of the same name within the former Belgian Congo after decolonisation. Although not recognised by any other country, Katanga received considerable financial, military and political support from Belgium, the Central African Federation, and Portugal. Lobbyists on behalf of Katanga also unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the government of Costa Rica in return for diplomatic recognition.[36]
Kel Ahaggar 1962–1977 Hoggar Mountains Algeria A Tuareg confederation inhabiting the Hoggar Mountains (Ahaggar mountains) in Algeria. The confederation is believed to have been founded by the Tuareg matriarch Tin Hinan, whose monumental tomb is located at Abalessa. The official establishment is dated to around 1750. It has been largely defunct since 1977, when it was terminated by the Algerian government.[37]
Kingdom of Rwenzururu 1962–1982 Kasese Uganda A secessionist movement that began just before decolonisation in Uganda and continued for twenty years. Within colonial Uganda, several kingdoms were allowed to continue their existence as subnational entities with some autonomy. The people of the Rwenzururu region demanded separation from the Tooro Kingdom as their own monarchy, but were denied by the colonial government. The Rwenzururu kingdom declared its independence three months before Uganda's independence. After two decades of conflict, Rwenzururu became an autonomous kingdom within Uganda.[38]
People's Republic of Zanzibar 1964 Zanzibar City Tanzania Following the 17 January 1964 coup which deposed the Sultan of Zanzibar, the revolutionary group purporting to represent the island's black majority proclaimed a People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. It immediately made an offer of union with the government of Tanganyika.[39]
Rhodesia 1965–1979 Harare Zimbabwe Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965. It did not receive official recognition from any state. It had a trading relationship with apartheid South Africa, which did not formally recognise Rhodesia to preserve its fragile position with other nations and did not apply UN sanctions against the republic. Portugal also maintained informal relations until the Carnation Revolution of 1974. State received full international recognition after signing the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979 and became, on 18 April 1980, the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.[40]
Niger Delta Republic 1966 ? Nigeria A short lived state declared by Isaac Adaka Boro a soldier and Niger Delta activist[41]
Republic of Benin 1967 Benin City Occupied by Biafra in August, later given independence in September as a puppet state. Retaken by the Nigerian army one day after the declaration of independence.[42]
South Sudan Provisional Government 1967–1969 ? South Sudan An African insurgency formed mostly from the Anyanya movement during the First Sudanese Civil War, in rebellion against the predominantly Muslim, Arabic-speaking Sudanese government. The separatist movement was rife with political wrangling and ethnic tensions within its own ranks. The SSPG collapsed in 1969 and was reformed into the Nile Provisional Government.[43]
Biafra 1967–1970 Enugu, Umuahia, Owerri, Awka Nigeria Majority Igbo state which seceded from post-independence Nigeria due to ethnic divisions, beginning the Nigerian Civil War. Controlled territory in eastern Nigeria, recognized by five states (Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia).[44]
Maquis of Fizi 1967–1986 Hewa Bora Democratic Republic of the Congo A Marxist-Leninist-Maoist partisan republic created by future Congolese president and revolutionary Laurent-Désiré Kabila in the aftermath of the failed Simba Rebellion[45]
Nile Provisional Government (Nile Republic) 1969–1970 Juba South Sudan Formed out of the SSPG as an attempt to rebrand the nation from South Sudan to the Nile Republic. Collapsed after one year due to a coup. Following this, most of the separatists agreed to the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement, in which most of Anyanya agreed to recognize the Sudanese government in return for autonomy, ending the First Sudanese Civil War.[46]
Republic of Martyazo 1972 Vugizo Burundi A state declared by Hutu separatists inside the mountainous Vuzigo commune, between the Makamba and Lake Nyanza; lasted for little over a week.[47]
Ciskei 1972–1994 Bhisho South Africa Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.[48]
Cabinda 1975 Cabinda Angola Cabinda was a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo. During the Portuguese Colonial War period, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese. The independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975. After the Angolan independence came in effect in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) with support of troops from Cuba.[49]
Transkei 1976–1994 Mthatha South Africa Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.[50]
Bophuthatswana 1977–1994 Mmabatho[51]
Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1979 Harare Zimbabwe See Rhodesia[52]
Venda 1979–1994 Thohoyandou South Africa Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.[53]
Emirate of Imbaba 1989–1992 Imbaba Egypt In late 1992, the al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya group expanded its influence in parts of Imbaba. In November, the group purportedly announced the establishment of the "Emirate of Imbaba". This challenge to the sovereignty of the Egyptian state triggered the siege of Imbaba, beginning on December 8. In its course, the government deployed over 12,000 police and state Security forces, along with one hundred personnel carriers and bulldozers, all of which put an end to the Emirate.[54]
Mohéli 1997–1998 Fomboni Comoros Seceded in 1997 but quietly rejoined the next year.[55]
Anjouan 1997, 2008 Mutsamudu Joined with Comoros, then seceded twice to gain independence. Anjouan rejoined Comoros after talks during the first secession. After the second event, the secessionist government was forcefully removed.[56]
Jubaland 1998–2001 Bu'ale Somalia Declared independent during the Somali Civil War. Led by General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, the former Somali minister of defense and son-in-law of Siad Barre, the previous military dictator of Somalia. Morgan was ousted by the Allied Somali Forces the next year, which allied with the Transitional Federal Government in 2001.[57]
Puntland 1998–2004 Garoowe Declared its own autonomy during the Somali Civil War. It did not seek outright independence, but rather recognition of its status as an autonomous state. Reconciled with the government of Somalia with the signing of the Transitional Federal Charter in 2004. Puntland temporarily operates as a functionally independent state from Somalia in 2024.[58]
Islamic Courts Union 2006 Mogadishu During the summer of 2006, the ICU defeated a warlord alliance backed by the American Central Intelligence Agency and became the first entity to consolidate control over all of Mogadishu since the collapse of the state. The ICU coalesced into a government after taking control of the capital and began reconstituting the Somali state. This period is widely regarded as Somalia's most stable and productive since the civil war began. Six months into their governance, the ICU was toppled during the final days of 2006 by a full scale Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, supported by the United States.[59]
Democratic Republic of Bakassi 2006–2009 Yenagoa, Akwa Obutong Cameroon Small secessionist movement led by the Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination (BAMOSD). The movement began during the transfer of the disputed Bakassi territory from Nigeria to Cameroon, with local leaders who were against the transfer declaring independence. By 2009, Cameroon had assumed complete control over Bakassi.[60]
Republic of Toumoujagha 2007 ? Mali and Niger In 2007, a group allegedly consisting of Tuareg rebels proclaimed the independence of a republic made up of the Tuareg regions of Mali and Niger over the internet. Occurred during the 2007–2009 Tuareg rebellion.[61]
Maakhir 2007–2009 Badhan Somalia Short-lived territory on the border between the Puntland state of Somalia, and Somaliland, and was proclaimed as a state independent of both. Quickly subsumed into Puntland.[62]
Republic of Azania 2011–2013 Dhobley, Garbahare Republic which claimed sovereignty over the Somali state of Jubaland. Following the capture of most of Jubaland by the Islamic militant group al-Shaabab, Kenya launched a counteroffensive and aided in setting up the republic from the former Jubaland administration. The action was condemned by Somalia. Azania reformed back into the Jubaland State of Somalia in 2013.[63]
State of Azawad 2012–2013 Timbuktu, Gao Mali Self-declared during the 2012 Tuareg rebellion and controlled most of Northern Mali. It was unrecognized by any state. Revoked its declaration in return for a peace deal after most of its territory was taken over by jihadist groups.[64]
Khatumo State 2012–2017 Las Anod Somaliland First incarnation; Declared an autonomous state in 2012. Ceased to function by 2015, and was reincorporated into Somaliland by 2017. Re-established in 2023.[65]
Logone 2015–2021 Kaga-Bandoro Central African Republic Also known as Dar al-Kuti (French: Dar el-Kouti), was a partially-realized, self-declared autonomous region and proto-state internationally recognised as part of the Central African Republic. It was formed by the Muslim rebel movement Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC) with support of other armed groups on 14 December 2015. On 10 April 2021 Kaga-Bandoro was recaptured by government forces.[66]

Americas

Name Date Capital Now part of Notes
Tsenacommacah 1600–1677 Werowocomoco, Orapakes, Matchut United States Native American confederation[67]
Theocratic Republic of Guairá 1627–1632 ? Brazil Jesuit missions in western of Paraná.[68]
Republic of Pirates 1706–1718 Nassau Bahamas and United Kingdom Loose confederacy run by various pirate ship crews according to an informal pirate code. It was set up following the collapse of English authority in much of the Bahamas. English rule was restored by 1718 with the Acts of Grace.[69]
Watauga Association 1772–1778 Sycamore Shoals United States Annexed into the State of North Carolina.[70]
United States 1776–1783 (Internationally recognized in 1783) Philadelphia, Baltimore, Lancaster, York, Princeton Thirteen British colonies declared themselves independent in 1776 during the American Revolution and united to form the United States of America, which was recognized following the Treaty of Paris of 1783.[71]
Vermont Republic 1777–1791 Westminster, Windsor, Castleton Admitted to the Union as the State of Vermont, after a compromise ended its jurisdictional disputes with New York.[72]
Wabash Confederacy 1780–1792 ? Native American confederation[73]
Northwestern Confederacy 1783–1795 ? Native American confederacy in the Great Lakes region. It was formed at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the goal of resisting the westward expansion of the United States. The U.S. claimed all the territory of the confederacy with the Northwest Ordinance. The alliance fell apart after the Northwest Indian War.[74]
State of Franklin 1784–1788 Jonesborough, Greeneville Began operating as a de facto independent republic after the failed statehood attempt[75]
Trans-Oconee Republic 1794 ? A short-lived, independent state west of the Oconee River (in the state of Georgia). Established by General Elijah Clarke in May 1794, it was an attempt to head off the new Federal government's ceding of lands claimed by Georgia back to the Creek. In September 1794, state and federal troops forced Clarke and his followers to surrender and leave the settlements.[76]
State of Muskogee 1799–1802 Mikasuke A Native American state in Spanish Florida; consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. Disappeared when the Spaniards captured its founder, William Augustus Bowles and removed him to a prison in Cuba.[77]
Tecumseh's confederacy 1808–1813 Prophetstown Native American confederacy formed around the leadership of Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, who resisted American claims to the Northwest territory of the Great Lakes. The alliance fell apart during the War of 1812, after Tecumseh's death in 1813.[78]
Quito Republic 1809–1812 Quito Ecuador Anti-Spanish movement in the Real Audiencia of Quito, known in Latin America as the First Cry of Hispanic American Independence[79]
Republic of South Haiti 1810 Port-au-Prince Haiti Haiti declared its independence in 1804 under Jean Jacques Dessalines. That same year, Dessalines declared himself Emperor. After his assassination in 1806, Haiti was divided between the Republic of Haiti in the south and the Kingdom of Haiti, under Henry Christophe, in the north. The situation was further complicated by the secession of South Haiti in the southwest corner of the country under André Rigaud in 1810. His own republic contained the former Maroon enclave of La Grande Anse under Goman, who was allied with King Henry. A few months after Rigaud seized power, he died, and South Haiti rejoined the Republic. In 1820, Henry Christophe committed suicide. Haiti was reunited soon afterwards.[80]
Republic of West Florida St. Francisville United States Republic formed out of an Anglo-American rebellion in Spanish West Florida. Consisted of the part of Louisiana now known as the Florida Parishes. None of these Florida Parishes were in what today is the state of Florida. Against the wishes of most of its leaders, the republic was forced to acquiesce to American authority, and later annexed.[81]
Government Junta of Chile 1811–1812 Santiago Chile Established after the deposition and imprisonment of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte, the anniversary of its establishment is celebrated as the national day of Chile[82]
First Republic of Venezuela Valencia Venezuela The very first Spanish American colony to declare independence. The republic was established at the same time as the Napoleonic Wars was reaching a fever pitch and after Napoleon forced the abdication of Charles IV of Spain and his son Ferdinand VII in favour of his brother Joseph Bonaparte the government of the decided to secede from Napoleon's Spain when the Supreme Central Junta was dissolved in 1810. However the republic did not last long because certain states of the republic did not recognise its independence and instead followed the Cortes of Cádiz and civil war ensued where the republic capitulated in July 1812[83]
United Provinces of New Granada 1811–1816 Bogotá Colombia Established during la Patria Boba[84]
Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca Established during la Patria Boba[85]
American Confederation of Venezuela 1811–1819 Valencia, Caracas, Angostura, Venezuela Existed in three different stages as the First, Second, and Third Republics of Venezuela[86]
Republic of East Florida 1812 Amelia Island United States Republic declared by mostly American insurgents against Spanish rule in East Florida, with the goal of annexation into the United States. The republic had the support of President James Monroe. A day after declaring independence, the insurgents surrendered their territory to the American army. The American government later disavowed their support of the insurgents and returned all captured land.[87]
Second Republic of Venezuela 1813–1814 Caracas Venezuela and Guyana In the aftermath of Simón Bolívar's defeat of Juan Domingo de Monteverde and the Royalists in the Admirable Campaign, Bolívar declared his home country of Venezuela independent. However the republic came to an end when Caracas was reconquered by the Royalists a year after independence.[88]
Free State of Mariquita 1814–1816 Mariquita Colombia Established during la Patria Boba[89]
League of Free Peoples 1815–1820 Montevideo Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay Established during the Argentine War of Independence[90]
Republic of the Floridas 1817 Fernandina Beach United States Republic proclaimed by Gregor MacGregor, Scottish soldier and adventurer, after capturing Amelia Island in East Florida. The republic claimed all of West and East Florida, but in reality Amelia Island was the only territory it held. Following the failure of the Spanish to retake the island, it was occupied by the United States navy. The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, effective 1821, transferred West and East Florida to the United States.[91]
Pernambuco Recife Brazil The Pernambucan revolt of 1817 occurred in the province of Pernambuco in the Northeastern region of Brazil, and was sparked mainly by the decline of sugar production rates and the influence of the Freemasonry in the region. Other important reasons for the revolt was to establish an independent state.[92]
Third Republic of Venezuela 1817–1819 Caracas, Angostura Venezuela and Guyana Merged with the United Provinces of New Granada to form Gran Colombia[93]
Republic of Texas 1819 Nacogdoches Mexico An 1819 attempt to take control of Spanish Texas by filibusters. It was led by James Long and successfully established a small independent government, known as the Republic of Texas (distinct from the later Republic of Texas created by the Texas Revolution). The expedition crumbled later in the year, as Spanish troops drove the invaders out. Long returned to Texas in 1820 and attempted to reestablish his control. In October 1821, Long was defeated by Spanish troops, captured and sent to Mexico City where he was killed by a guard.[94]
Republic of Tucumán 1820 San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina Now part of Argentine provinces of Catamarca, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán.[95]
Entre Ríos Province Republic of Entre Ríos 1820–1821 Concepción del Uruguay Today the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes.[96]
Free Province of Guayaquil 1820–1822 Guayaquil Ecuador After the success of the October 9 Revolution in the city of Guayaquil, the revolutionaries under José Joaquín de Olmedo declared a provisional government in the liberated areas. In July 1822, Simon Bolívar lead a coup d'état and declared himself 'Supreme Leader' because he viewed Guayaquil as the gateway to liberating Peru and it was soon annexed by Gran Colombia.[97]
Isthmus of Panama 1821 Panama City Panama Briefly independent before joining Gran Colombia[98]
Protectorate of Peru 1821–1822 Lima Chile and Peru Had claims outside of Chile and Peru[99]
Republic of Spanish Haiti Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Annexed by the Republic of Haiti[100]
Confederation of the Equator 1824 Recife? Brazil Another attempted independence from Pernambuco, in the Empire of Brazil.[101]
Republic of Madawaska 1827–1842 Edmundston Canada and United States Within the provinces of New Brunswick, Quebec and the state of Maine.[102]
Republic of Indian Stream 1832–1835 Pittsburg United States Annexed by the United States. Within the state of New Hampshire.[103]
Cabano Government 1835–1840 Belém Brazil A popular revolution and pro-separatist movement that occurred in the then province of Grão-Pará, Empire of Brazil[104]
Riograndense Republic 1836–1845 Piratini The state was proclaimed by the Farroupilha rebels during the Ragamuffin War in 1836. The rebellion eventually failed and republic was dissolved. It is currently the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.[105]
Republic of Texas 1836–1846 San Antonio de Bexar, San Felipe de Austin, Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco, Columbia, Houston, Austin United States Declared by Anglo-American settlers in opposition to Hispano-Mexican claims, its annexation by the United States sparked the Mexican–American War[106]
Peruvian Republic 1837 Lima, Arequipa Peru and Chile A Chilean puppet state led by Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente during the War of the Confederation. The republic was soon dissolved when the Chilean forces were encircled by the Peruvians and forced to sign the Treaty of Paucarpata.[107]
Bahia Republic 1837–1838 Salvador Brazil The Sabinada (1837–1838) was a revolt by military officer Francisco Sabino that occurred in Brazil's Bahia province between 6 November 1837 and 16 March 1838. Calling for the abolition of slavery and the redistribution of land, the rebel "Bahia Republic" fought against the government for one year until their capital of Salvador was conquered.[108]
Republic of Canada Navy Island Canada The self-proclaimed government was established on Navy Island in the Niagara River in the latter days of the Upper Canada Rebellion[109]
Republic of Lower Canada Napierville A government established on the aftermath of Rebellions of 1837 in Lower Canada.[110]
State of Los Altos 1837–1840 Quetzaltenango Guatemala The United Provinces of Central America were riven by strife for much of their existence. Guatemala’s ruling class was appalled by the thought of an illiterate and brutish peasant Governor Rafael Carrera, and led the six western provinces into secession. The new state of Los Altos, under Liberal leadership, appealed for recognition to the UPCA. In January 1840, Carrera reconquered Los Altos, and then defeated the UPCA's army in March, sounding the death knell for the United Provinces. Los Altos rebelled again when Carrera declared Guatemala an independent republic in 1847, but was again rapidly crushed.[111]
Juliana Republic 1839 Laguna Brazil Today's Santa Catarina.[112]
Republic of the Río Grande 1840 Laredo United States and Mexico Consisted of part of southern Texas and the 3 Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.[113]
Estado del Istmo [es] 1840–1841 Panama City Panama A failed attempt to separate Panama from Colombia. It was recognized by Costa Rica.[114]
Republic of Yucatán 1841–1843, 1846–1848 Mérida Mexico A state from 1841 to 1848, it was proclaimed after the Mexican government tried to centralize and tried to join the US during the Mexican–American War; it was rejected and joined a federal Mexico after the war ended. A revolt in Yucatán in 1916, led by Felipe Cerillo but with active Mayan involvement, effectively separated the region from the weak Mexican state. On 3 April 1916 Carillo declared the independence of the Socialist Republic of Yucatan, but the Republic failed to garner much support, and was quickly overrun by Mexican forces.[115]
Adelsverein 1842–1853 ? United States A colonial attempt to establish a new German settlement within the borders of Texas.[116]
California Republic 1846 ? Formed during an Anglo-American revolt in Mexican California during the Mexican–American War. This "state" never actually possessed a high level of organization, and was only in existence for a matter of weeks before the rebels deferred to the US government and American troops.[117]
Chan Santa Cruz (Noh Cah Santa Cruz Balam Nah) 1847–1915 Noj Kaaj Santa Cruz Xbáalam Naj Mexico Chan Santa Cruz was a Mayan territory in the southeast of what is now the Mexican state of Quintana Roo (within the Republic of Yucatán at the time). The local Mayan people revolted in 1847 following the Republic of Yucatán's second secession from Mexico, driving nearly all whites from the Yucatán peninsula in what became known as the Caste War. After being defeated, some rebel Maya established a stratified religious community in the jungle known as Chan Santa Cruz, which remained a base of operations for rebel Cruzobs for the next fifty years. After decades of campaigning on both sides, the Cruzobs recognized the Mexican government in 1915, though some settlements continued anti-Mexican resistance until the 1930s and 40s.[118]
Great Republic of Rough and Ready 1850 Rough and Ready United States A short-lived secessionist state from the United States to avoid mining taxes. It rejoined less than three months later.[119]
Beaver Island 1850–1856 Beaver Island Mormon theocracy led by James Strang, who was declared king of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and whose branch was in opposition to Brigham Young and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in considering itself to be the sole legitimate successor of the Church of Christ organized by Joseph Smith. This “Strangite” faction controlled Beaver Island of Michigan until Strang was murdered in 1856, whereupon the Strangites were expelled from the area by neighbouring islanders.[120]
State of Buenos Aires 1852–1861 Buenos Aires Argentina Resulted from the overthrow of the Argentine Confederation government in the Province of Buenos Aires on 11 September 1852, rejoined the Argentine Confederation after the former's victory at the Battle of Pavón in 1861[121]
Republic of Baja California 1853–1854 La Paz Mexico The filibuster William Walker took control of La Paz, the capital of the sparsely populated Baja California, and 200 more men joined him. Walker declared La Paz the capital of a new Republic of Baja California, with himself as president and a constitution copied from that of Louisiana. Although he never gained control of Sonora, less than three months later, he pronounced Baja California part of the larger Republic of Sonora.[122]
Republic of Sonora 1854 La Paz A lesser to William Walker's Republic of Baja California, it was a merger between that and Sonora.[123]
Provisional Revolutionary Government of Cibao 1857–1861 Santiago de los Caballeros Dominican Republic On July 7, 1857, a popular civic-military movement broke out in Santiago with the purpose of overthrowing the government of the conservative president Buenaventura Báez. The Cibaenians declared themselves governedby a provisional revolutionary government, with its seat in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros.[124]
Palmetto Republic 1860–1861 Columbia United States Secessionist state established on December 20, 1860, when South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States. It lasted a month and a half before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.[125]
United States of New Granada Bogotá Colombia Cauca State seceded from Granadine Confederation, with Bolivar State following shortly after. They established the United States of New Granada (Magdalena, Santander and Tolima joined later), occupying Bogotá and creating the United States of Colombia.[126]
Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia 1860–1862 Perquenco Argentina and Chile Set up by a French adventurer who tried to gain legitimacy for his state, only to be denied. The self-proclaimed kingdom was mostly a legal fiction and did only loosely control a small portion of the territory it claimed. In fact the Mapuche warlords that submitted to it were totally autonomous, and used the kingdom only as pretext to obtain foreign support. It was conquered and partitioned by Chile and Argentina.[127]
Republic of Mississippi 1861 Jackson United States Secessionist state established January 9, 1861 when Mississippi seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before joining the Confederate States of America.[128]
Republic of Florida Tallahassee Secessionist state established January 10, 1861, when Florida seceded from the United States. Only lasted a month before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.[129]
Republic of Louisiana Baton Rouge, Opelousas, Shreveport Secessionist state formed on January 11, 1861, when Louisiana seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before joining the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861.[130]
Alabama Republic Montgomery Secessionist republic declared January 11, 1861 when Alabama seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.[131]
Republic of Texas Austin Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861, and lasted as an independent state for a month before joining the Confederate States of America.

Not to be confused with the earlier (1836–1845), partially recognized Republic of Texas.[132]

Kingdom of Callaway Fulton The Kingdom of Callaway was a county in Missouri that did not agree with the politics of either side in the American Civil War. As a result, it went on its own for a time. What made Callaway unique was that the Union general John B. Henderson signed a peace treaty with the Kingdom in October 1861, thus lending legitimacy to its existence.[133]
Confederate States of America 1861–1865 Montgomery, Richmond, Danville, Greensboro Originally formed by seven southern states that seceded from the United States, it consisted of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and Louisiana. After the beginning of the American Civil War, the states of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy. Reintegrated back into the United States throughout the Reconstruction Era.[134]
Confederate government of Kentucky Bowling Green, Frankfort Kentucky's shadow government formed in opposition to the Union[135]
Confederate government of Missouri Neosho Missouri's shadow government formed in opposition to the Union[136]
Confederate government of West Virginia ? West Virginia's shadow government formed in opposition to the Union[137]
Free State of Jones 1863–1865 Laurel A Unionist government of Jones County, Mississippi, a state that had seceded and joined the Confederate States of America. A small militia, set up by the inhabitants, made Confederate tax-collecting nearly impossible. The Free State ended after the defeat of the Confederates.[138]
Republic of Manitobah 1867–1869 ? Canada Within the province of Manitoba.[139]
Republic of Puerto Rico 1868, 1898 Lares United States State declared independence on 23 September 1868 during the Lares uprising against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico, following the repeated refusal of Spain to give the island autonomy. The uprising began in September in the town of Lares, where the rebels were defeated by November at the latest. The revolt succeeded in garnering limited political reforms.

A group of anti-Spanish rebels also declared independence on 13 August 1898 in the closure of the Puerto Rican campaign during the Spanish–American War but were unable to secure independence[140]

Provisional Government of Assiniboia 1869–1870 ? Canada Métis provisional government led by politician Louis Riel in the Red River Rebellion. Demanded self-government rather than direct rule by the Canadian government, following Canada's purchase of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company. Negotiated entry into the Confederation of Canada as the province of Manitoba.[141]
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan 1885 Batoche A self-declared Métis territory formed during the North-West Rebellion. Led by Métis political leader Louis Riel, who had previously organized the Red River Rebellion in 1869. Defeated by the Canadian army after just over two months of fighting. Riel was later found guilty of high treason and hanged.[142]
Republic of Independent Guyana 1886–1891 Counani Brazil Established by French settlers in defiance of both France and Brazil.[143]
Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso 1892 Corumbá Modern day's Mato Grosso do Sul[144]
Principality of Trinidad 1893–1895 ? American James Harden-Hickey divorced his wife in 1893 (1894?) and announced his intention to move to India and take up a life of Hindu asceticism. On the trip there, a storm forced his ship aground on the island of Trinidad (no relation to the Caribbean Trinidad) in the South Atlantic. Seeing that the island was uninhabited, Harden-Hickey declared himself Prince James I of Trinidad and advertised for settlers in the London Times. The following year, the United Kingdom annexed the island in order to anchor a transatlantic telegraph cable. Prince James was encouraged, hoping that the cable would bring the attention he needed to start his reign. However, the plan was scrapped and Brazil annexed the island again in 1897.[145]
Federal State of Loreto 1896 Iquitos Peru An autonomous state of Peru proclaimed during the Loretan Insurrection of 1896 by insurgents wishing for a federalized Peruvian state. It was not supported by many of the inhabitants of the state and was soon put down by a Peruvian expedition.[146]
Manhuassu Republic Manhuaçu Brazil Manhuassu Republic was a republican state proclaimed on May 15, 1896, in the municipality of Manhuassu, which lasted twenty-two days.[147]
Jungle Nation 1899–1900 Moyobamba Peru The second attempt to create an independent state in the Department of Loreto created by Colonel Emilio Vizcarra, a Peruvian soldier appointed prefect of the department who grew disillusioned with the national government, and declared himself 'Supreme Leader'. The republic came to an end with Vizcarra's death during his tour of the Loretan cities where, in Moyobamba, he got embroiled in a revolt where he got a rock fatally thrown at his head and died.[146]
Republic of Acre 1899–1903 Porto Acre Brazil Declared independence from Bolivia three times between 1899 and 1903 before being ceded to Brazil in the Treaty of Petrópolis. The region had been long settled by Brazilians for decades prior to its triple secession.[148]
Celestial Monarchy 1912–1916 Taquaruçu Messianic state declared by José Maria de Santo Agostinho during heavy anti-government sentiment among local southern Brazilian farmers and workers in response to land confiscation and railroad construction.[149][150]
Republic of Arauca 1916–1917 Arauca Colombia Declared during a rebellion near the border with Venezuela. The republic lasted six weeks, until Colombian authority was restored.[151]
Federation of Central America 1921–1922 Tegucigalpa Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras Third attempt at a Central American union following the Federal Republic of Central America and the Greater Republic of Central America. However, despite attempts at earning recognition from the United States under both Woodrow Wilson and Warren G. Harding, the eventual coup in Guatemala orchestrated by General José María Orellana led the United States Department of State to predict the federation's coming collapse, which ultimately happened, and so didn't formally recognize it.[152]
Republic of Tule 1925 Agligandi Panama A short-lived state of the indigenous Guna people, which was declared in reaction to colonial persecution. Developed into the Guna Revolution against Panamanian authority. After just under two months, the Gunas agreed to revoke their declaration of independence in return for civil rights.[153]
Free Territory of Princesa 1930 Princesa Isabel Brazil Short-lived state with the goal of rejoining Brazil as its own state, also known as the Republic of Princesa.[154]
Encarnación Commune 1931 Encarnación Paraguay An attempted occupation of Encarnación, Paraguay, in February 1931 as part of a larger plan to initiate a social anarcho-libertanian revolution in the country.[155]
Chile Socialist Republic of Chile 1932 Santiago Chile Established by the Government Junta in the midst of the Great Depression following the resignation of President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Lasted for three months before being dissolved due to unpopular drastic economic measures enforced on the country.[156]
State of Maracaju Campo Grande Brazil Created during the Constitutionalist Revolution, occupying what is today Rio Grande do Sul. An early manifestation of separatism by Cuiabá.[157]
State of São Paulo São Paulo Rebellion against the presidency of Getúlio Vargas, who eroded the autonomy of the Brazilian states provided by the 1891 Constitution and established a virtual dictatorship through uncontrolled rule-by-decree. Paulistas weren't seeking independence from Brazil, but rather reform of the central government in Rio de Janeiro.[158]
Socialist Republic of Brazil 1935 Natal, Recife, Rio de Janeiro The 1935 Brazilian communist uprising was a military revolt in Brazil led by Luís Carlos Prestes and leftist low-rank military against Getúlio Vargas's government on behalf of the National Liberation Alliance (Aliança Nacional Libertadora - ANL). It took place in the cities of Natal, Recife, and the capital Rio de Janeiro between 23 and 27 November 1935. The uprising was supported by the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), then called the Communist Party of Brazil, and the Communist International.

Despite its failure, the communist revolt gave President Getúlio Vargas the pretext for acquiring more power. After November 1935, the National Congress of Brazil approved a series of laws that restricted its own power, while the executive gained almost unlimited powers of repression. This process culminated in the coup of 10 November 1937, which closed the National Congress of Brazil, canceled the upcoming 1938 presidential elections, and installed Getúlio Vargas as a dictator. This period of dictatorship is called the Estado Novo, which lasted until 1945.[159]

State Union of Jeová 1952–1953 Cotaxé From July 1952 to March 1953, a sect of Jehovah's Witnesses proclaimed a messianic utopian community in the wake of peasant unrest in Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais. As a consequence, it wasn't until 2015 that 40 km2 of Ecoporanga were disputed by both states.[160]
Independent Republics 1958–1964 ? Colombia Several enclaves in rural Colombia which communist peasant guerrillas held during the aftermath of La Violencia. They were overrun by the National Army of Colombia in 1964. Survivors reunited elsewhere and later became part of Bloque Sur, the precursor of FARC.[161]
McDonald Territory 1961–1962 Anderson United States An extralegal, unrecognized territory of the United States that comprised all of McDonald County, Missouri and existed for a short time from 1961 to 1962. In 1961, a provisional government chose the name when they attempted to secede the county from the state of Missouri. The government of the territory was never recognized by the State of Missouri nor the United States Congress. Described by the Neosho Daily News as a "publicity stunt", the McDonald Territory's claims to independence were rarely taken seriously by those not involved.[162]
Republic of Anguilla 1967–1969 The Valley United Kingdom Created due to opposition to a union with modern St. Kitts and Nevis. It ceased to exist after being occupied by the British Army.[163]
Provisional Government Committee of Rupununi 1969 Lethem Guyana Two years after the independence of Guyana from the United Kingdom, the country was shocked by an uprising of cattle ranchers and Rupununi Amerindians in its southwestern region of Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, with the insurgents being allegedly supported by Venezuela. Part of the ongoing territorial dispute between both countries.[164]
Republic of Airrecú 1993 ? Nicaragua Relations between Costa Rica and Nicaragua have traditionally been strained. This situation was not improved when the Costa Rican government granted land rights to settlers along the San Juan River, which forms part of the border between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. A dispute ended with Costa Rica acknowledging that the territory in fact belonged to Nicaragua, and promised to remove the settlers. The settlers, however, refused to leave. In June 1993, they declared their independence as the Republic of Airrecú, which means "friendship" in a local Indian language. The Nicaraguan Army immediately descended upon the area and escorted the Republic into Costa Rica.[165]
Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities 1994–2023 ? Mexico De facto autonomous region controlled or partially controlled by neo-Zapatista support bases in the Mexican state of Chiapas since the Zapatista uprising in 1994 and during the wider Chiapas conflict. From 1994 to 2003, the Zapatista territories were structured as regional community centers called Aguascalientes. In 2003, the Aguascalientes were replaced by Centers of Autonomous Resistance and Zapatista Rebellion (CRAREZ), a term coined in 2019, which consisted of Caracoles as community centers, over local formations (until 2023) as the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (MAREZ) governed by Councils of Good Government (Spanish: Juntas de Buen GobiernoCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text). In 2023, after increased cartel violence, the EZLN announced the dissolution of the CRAREZ and its sub-formations, replacing them with hyperlocal Local Autonomous Governments (GAL) within local Zapatista Autonomous Government Collectives (CGAZ) and regional Assemblies of Collectives of Zapatista Autonomous Governments (ACGAZ).[166]
Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca 2006 Oaxaca City The Mexican state of Oaxaca was embroiled in a conflict that lasted more than seven months and resulted in at least seventeen deaths and the occupation of the capital city of Oaxaca by the Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca (APPO).[167]

Asia

Name Date Capital Now part of Notes
Kengwei Republic 1776–1839 Monterado Indonesia A member of the Chinese diasporic run Heshun Confederation, this kongsi republic, established by Hakka Chinese, accepted Dutch overlordship in 1823, and was eventually absorbed into a stronger kongsi, Dagang.[168]
Santiaogou Republic 1776–1854 Monterado Also known as the Sanda Futing or as the Hexian Zhengting, it allied itself with the Sultanate of Sambas and later the Dutch East India Company. Ironically, in spite of its alliance with the Dutch, the kongsi republic was ultimately annexed by the Dutch, and its members continued their mining operations until 1857.[169]
Lintian Republic 1823–1854 Budok Also known as the Xinle Republic, it emerged late compared to most other kongsi republics, and briefly joined the Heshun Confederation in 1850 before being dissolved by the Dutch colonial government.[170]
Xibei San Ma 1862–1949 ? China Also known as the Ma Clique, it was a collective name for a group of Hui (Muslim Chinese) warlords in Northwestern China who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia for 10 years from 1919 until 1928.[171]
Republic of Biak-na-Bato 1897 San Miguel Philippines The republic of Biak-na-bato was a Filipino revolutionary government declared by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution[172]
Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 1898 Bacoor, Malolos Succeeded by the First Philippine Republic.[173]
Republic of Negros 1898–1901 Bacolod Existed under a local constitution in cooperation with US military government from October 2, 1899. until the province of Occidental Negros was established on April 20, 1901, and annexed to the Philippine Islands by the United States as the "Republic of Negros".[174]
First Philippine Republic 1899–1901 Malolos Constitutional republic following the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898 and the ratification of the Malolos Constitution on January 21, 1899, up to the surrender of General Miguel Malvar on April 16, 1902 It pursued a protracted war against the United States shortly after the 1898 cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain.[175]
Republic of Zamboanga 1899–1903 Zamboanga Short-lived Zamboangueño breakaway state.[176]
Tianjin Provisional Government 1900–1902 Tianjin China Formed by the Eight-Nation Alliance during the Boxer Rebellion in China, which controlled the major city Tianjin and its surrounding areas from 1900 to 1902.[177]
Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun 1903 Guangzhou An attempted Chinese Christian state that bore reference to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Its leaders wished to establish a Westernized constitutional monarchy, but were captured a few days before the main insurrection was set to occur. The kingdom lasted for three days.[178]
Great Han Sichuan Military Government 1911–1912 Chengdu Short-lived Sichuanese breakaway state.[179]
Uryankhay Republic 1911–1914 ? Russia and Mongolia A nominally independent state that broke away from the Qing dynasty of China during the Xinhai Revolution. It was proclaimed as a republic in 1911 by the Tuvan separatist movement and was encouraged by the Russian Empire[180]
Great Mongol State 1911–1919,

1921–1924

 Ulaanbaatar In 1911, the 8th Bogd Gegeen of Outer Mongolia proclaimed independence from the Qing dynasty of China. After 1915 it became a de facto self-governing autonomous region under the suzerainty of the Republic of China. After rebelling against Chinese rule of 1919–1921, it reaffirmed its independence and became the predecessor of the Mongolian People's Republic. Internationally, territories held by this state were widely regarded as part of the Republic of China.[181]
Fengtian 1911–1928 ? China The faction that supported warlord Zhang Zuolin during China's Warlord Era. It took its name from Fengtian Province, which served as its original base of support. However, the clique quickly came to control all of the Three Northeastern Provinces[182]
Shanxi 1911–1937 ? One of several military factions that split off from the Beiyang Army during China's warlord era.[183]
Sinkiang 1911–1944 ? A military clique that ruled Xinjiang during China's warlord era. Unlike other cliques, its leaders were from outside the province.[184]
Tibet 1912–1951 Lhasa In 1913, the 13th Dalai Lama proclaimed independence from the Qing dynasty of China, which was only recognized by the internationally unrecognized Mongolia. However, there have been doubts over the authority of the Tibetan representative to sign the treaty, and thus its validity. The following year, a treaty accepting Chinese suzerainty was signed and the border was adjusted in favor of British India. The 14th Dalai Lama acknowledged Chinese sovereignty in the Seventeen Point Agreement of 1951, but China continues to reject the 1914 treaty and claims South Tibet (now part of India's Arunachal Pradesh). Internationally, territories held by this state were widely regarded as part of China.[185]
Uryankhay Krai 1914–1921 Kyzyl Russia A short-lived protectorate of the Russian Empire that was proclaimed on 17 April 1914, created from the Uryankhay Republic which had recently proclaimed its independence from the Qing dynasty of China in the Mongolian Revolution of 1911.[186]
Empire of China 1915–1916 Beijing China A short-lived attempt by Chinese president Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate the monarchy in China, with himself as emperor[187]
Basmachi Kokand 1916–1922 Kokand Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan The polity of the Basmachi movement centered in the city of Kokand, in the Fergana Valley[188]
Yunnan clique 1916–1927 ? China One of several mutually hostile cliques that split from the Beiyang Government in the Republic of China's warlord era. It was named for Yunnan Province.[189]
Turkestan 1916–1934 ? Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan An uprising against Imperial Russian and Soviet rule in Central Asia by rebel groups inspired by Islamic beliefs and Pan-Turkism. It has been called "probably the most important movement of opposition to Soviet rule in Central Asia".[188]
Sultanate of Tarim 1916–1945 Tarim Yemen A state in Yemen created after a division of power within the Kathiri sultanate in 1916. It was first ruled by Muhsin ibn Ghalib al-Kathiri. Jam'iyat al-Haqq was responsible for civil affairs of Tarim. In exchange for maintaining control of Tarim, the al-Kaf family gave the Kathiri sultanate a monthly stipend[190]
Guizhou 1916–1949 Xingyi, Guiyang China A minor warlord faction in the Warlord Era of the Republic of China, situated in the province of Guizhou. Due to its weak economic situation, Guizhou warlords were typically dependent on more economically successful warlords such as the Yunnan clique and the Hunan warlords.[191]
Harbin Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies 1917 Harbin Was a soviet (council) of Russian workers and soldiers in Harbin at the time of the 1917 Russian Revolution. The Harbin Soviet was founded immediately after Czar Nicholas II's abdication. The Harbin Soviet sought to seize control over the Chinese Eastern Railway and to defend Russian citizens in Manchuria[192]
Alash Autonomy 1917–1920 Semey Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan An unrecognized Kazakh provisional government, or proto-state, located in Central Asia and was part of the Russian Republic, and then Soviet Russia. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestablished after the Bolsheviks banned the ruling Alash party. The goal of the party was to obtain autonomy within Russia, and to form a national, democratic state. The political entity bordered Russian territories to the north and west, the Turkestan Autonomy to the south, and China to the east.[193]
Ukrainian national movement on Gray Klyn (1917-1921) [uk] 1917–1921 Omsk Russia and Kazakhstan Attempt by ethnic Ukrainians living in southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan at establishing autonomy for Grey Ukraine, where they settled between the mid-18th and early 20th centuries.[194]
State of Buryat-Mongolia Chita Russia A buffer Buryat-Mongolian state during the Russian Civil War. The main government body was Burnatskom, the Buryat National Committee.

The state de facto ceased to exist after the formation of the Far Eastern Republic, which divided Buryat-Mongolia in two: 4 aimags became part of the Far Eastern Republic, while the other 4 formed Buryat-Mongol autonomies of RSFSR.[195]

Constitutional Protection Junta Guangzhou China A military government established by the Kuomintang in Guangzhou in opposition to the Beiyang government on 1 September 1917,[196] after the beginning of the Constitutional Protection Movement on 17 July 1917.
Green Ukraine 1917–1922 ? Russia After the establishment of the Bolshevik Far Eastern Republic on April 6, 1920, Far Eastern areas with an ethnic Ukrainian majority attempted to secede and establish an entity called Green Ukraine.[197] This movement quickly proved abortive.
Yakutia 1918 Yakutsk In February 1918 the acting government of Yakutia proclaimed the independence of Yakutia in response to the Bolshevik seizure of power. This independent government was overthrown on July 1[198]
Provisional Siberian Government Omsk A short-lived government in Siberia created by the White movement in 1918[199]
Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia Vladivostok Another short-lived government in Siberia created by the White movement in 1918[200]
Siberian Republic Omsk An unrecognized short-living state that existed on the territory of Russia during the Civil War.[201]
Provisional Regional Government of the Urals Yekaterinburg The Provisional Regional Government of the Urals was an anti-Bolshevik provisional government, created in Yekaterinburg on August 13 or 19, 1918, which controlled the Perm Governorate, parts of the Vyatka, Ufa, and Orenburg Governorates. Abolished in October 1918.[202]
Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly Samara The Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly was an anti-Bolshevik government that operated in Samara, Russia, during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after the Czechoslovak Legion had occupied the city.[203]
Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian 1918–1920 Longxi China Anarchist military government[204]
Russian State Ufa, Omsk Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Was a White Army anti-Bolshevik state proclaimed by the Act of the Ufa State Conference of September 23, 1918 (the Constitution of the Provisional All-Russian Government), “On the formation of the all-Russian supreme power” in the name of “restoring state unity and independence of Russia” affected by the revolutionary events of 1917, the October Revolution and the signing of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.[205]
Transbaikal Cossack Republic [uk] Chita Russia Provisional government established by Cossacks in Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai.[206]
Confederated Republic of Altai 1918–1922 Gorno-Altaysk Attempt at establishing an independent Altai during the Russian Civil War. The long-term aim of the state was to merge with neighboring Tuva and Khakassia in order to restore the 17th-century Dzungar Khanate, but Turkic-led.[207]
Ferghana Provisional Government 1919–1920 Osh Kyrgyzstan A polity of the Basmachi movement led by Madame Bey.[208]
Arab Kingdom of Syria Damascus Syria A short lived constitutional monarchy led by Faisal I of Iraq.[209]
Balagad state 1919–1926 ? Russia In 1919 the Buryats established a small theocratic Balagad state in Kizhinginsky District of Russia and the Buryat's state fell in 1926. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[210]
Anhui clique 1920 ? China A military and political organization, one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang clique in the Republic of China's Warlord Era. It was named after Anhui province because several of its generals–including its founder, Duan Qirui–were born in Anhui[211]
Provisional Government of the Far East Vladivostok Russia A local government in the eastern part of Russia during the Russian Civil War between January 31, 1920 and October 28, 1920.[212]
Government of South Russia Sevastopol Russia and Ukraine A White movement government established in Sevastopol, Crimea in April 1920.[213]
Eastern Okraina Chita Russia A local government in the Russian Far East region in 1920 during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923[214]
Kingdom of Syria Damascus Syria Lasted for 4 months at the end of World War I until dissolved by the French, who took control.[215]
Azadistan Tabriz Iran A short-lived state in Iranian Azerbaijan that lasted from early 1920 until September of that year. It was established by Mohammad Khiabani, an Iranian patriot, who was a representative to the parliament, and a prominent dissident against Soviet Union and the British colonialism. Khiabani and his followers chose the name "Azadistan" as a gesture of protest against the giving of the name "Azerbaijan" to the government centered on Baku in Transcaucasia which was called Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and also to serve as a model of freedom and independence for the rest of Iran.[216]
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1921 Rasht Created by local guerilleros (Jangali) when Red Army troops entered Iran, but failed to spread the revolutionary movement over the whole of Iran.[217]
Independent State of Raqqa Raqqa Syria Created by rebels against the French occupation of Syria[218]
Far Eastern Soviet Republic 1920–1922 Verkhneudinsk, Chita Russia A nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the Russian Far East. Although nominally independent, it largely came under the control of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), which envisaged it as a buffer state between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922.[219]
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic 1920–1924 Khiva Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan Succeeded the Khanate of Khiva.[220]
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic Bukhara Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan Succeeded the Emirate of Bukhara.[221]
Zhili 1920–1928 ? China A military faction that split from the Republic of China's Beiyang Army of the during the country's Warlord Era. It was named for Zhili Province (modern-day Hebei), which was the clique's base of power.[222]
Autonomous Government of Khorasan 1921 Rasht Iran A short-lived military state set up in Iran. It was formally established on the April 2, 1921, and collapsed a few months later, on October 6, 1921.[223]
Kingdom of Kurdistan 1921–1924 Sulaymaniyah Iraq Established by Kurdish nationalists following the collapse of Ottoman Turkey, but were defeated by Britain and incorporated into the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.[224]
Tuvan People's Republic 1921–1944 Kyzyl Russia Attempt by Tuvans to gain independence following centuries of Chinese rule and years of domination by Imperial Russia; it was put under Soviet control and later formally annexed. Internationally, territories controlled by this state were widely recognized as part of the Republic of China. The Soviet Union and the Mongolian People's Republic were the only countries to recognize its independence.[225]
Mongolian People's Republic 1921–1945, 1953–1992 Ulaanbaatar Mongolia Was unrecognized by several countries from 1940 to 1960 due to being claimed as an integral part of the Republic of China.[226]
Tungus Republic 1924–1925 Ayan Russia The Tungus Republic was a short-lived state started by the Tunguska uprising as part of the Yakut uprisings of the 1920s the state was ceded back to the USSR in 1925.[227]
Hailufeng Soviet 1927 Shanwei? China The first Chinese Soviet territory, established in November 1927, by Peng Pai with Ye Ting's remnant troops from the Nanchang Uprising. After the Little Long March and the near-rout at the Battle of Shantou these troops were much diminished and were directed by the ComIntern to lie low in the deep countryside and to avoid any further battles.[228]
Shanghai Commune Shanghai Was a provisional administration that briefly governed the city of Shanghai during the Northern Expedition. Established by people's committees with the assistance of Chen Duxiu, Zhou Enlai, and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the commune briefly administered the city of Shanghai before its forceful dissolution by order of Chiang Kai-shek[229]
Republic of Ararat 1927–1930 Doğubayazıt Turkey One of the first Kurdish republics in history, founded in Ağrı Province, Turkey.[230]
Sichuan 1927–1938 ? China A group of warlords in the warlord era in China. During the period from 1927 to 1938, Sichuan was in the hands of six warlords: Liu Xiang, Yang Sen, Liu Wenhui, Deng Xihou, He Zhaode, and Tian Songyao, with minor forces being Xiong Kewu and Lü Chao.[231]
Emirate of Afghanistan 1929 Kabul Afghanistan Government set up in Kabul during the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929). Was not recognized by any country.[232]
Korean People's Association in Manchuria 1929–1931 Hailin China An autonomous anarchist zone in Manchuria near Korea populated by two million Korean migrants.[233]
Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet 1930–1931 ? Vietnam The series of uprisings, strikes and demonstrations in 1930 and 1931 by Vietnamese peasants, workers, and intellectuals against the colonial French regime, the mandarinate, and landlords. Nghệ-Tĩnh (Vietnamese: [ŋêˀ tǐŋˀ]Category:Pages with Vietnamese IPA) is a compound name for the two central provinces, Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh, where the revolt mainly took place. Demonstrations expressed the general anger against French colonial policies such as heavy taxation and state monopolies on certain goods, as well as the corruption and perceived unfairness of local notables and mandarins.[234]
Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet 1931–1935 ? China Now part of People's Republic of China[235]
Chinese Soviet Republic 1931–1937 Ruijin, Bao'an, Yan'an Recognised by the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a "rehearsal" of the PRC and a "cradle" in which the Communist Party seized power.[236]
Manchukuo 1932–1945 Changchun, Tonghua A Japanese puppet state not recognised by most allied powers.[233]
Mengjiang Zhangjiakou Puppet state of the Empire of Japan[237]
First East Turkestan Republic 1933–1934 Kashgar Set up as part of the movement for an independent Xinjiang. It was defeated by the Nationalists of the Republic of China.[238]
Fujian People's Government Fuzhou Formed following the Fujian Incident, when the former 19th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army broke with commander Chiang Kai-shek and declared a new government. Although originally enjoying popular support, the government lost favour and was crushed by Nationalist forces in 1934.[239]
Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation 1935–1936 Mao, Barkam, Jinchuan, Garzê Was a confederation of two ethnic minority governments established on May 30, 1935, including the ethnically Gyalrong Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha and the Tibetan People's Republic[240]
Tibetan People's Republic 1936 Dêgê The ethnically Tibetan half of the Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation.[240]
Great Way Government 1937–1938 Pudong The Great Way or Dadao Government, formally the Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai, was a short-lived puppet government proclaimed in Pudong on December 5, 1937, to administer Japanese-occupied Shanghai in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.[241]
Hatay State 1938–1939 Antakya Turkey A transitional political entity that existed from 7 September 1938 to 29 June 1939, being located in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de facto into the Hatay Province of Turkey on 7 July 1939, de jure joining the country on 23 July 1939[242]
Wang Jingwei regime 1940–1945 Nanjing China Puppet government of the Empire of Japan dissolved at the end of World War II. Recognized by the Empire of Japan and its allies.[243]
Second Philippine Republic 1943–1945 Manila, Baguio Philippines The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines or known in the Philippines as Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a puppet state established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation.[244]
State of Burma Yangon Myanmar Japanese puppet state.[245]
Provisional Government of Free India Port Blair India Japanese puppet state. Had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union.[246]
Second East Turkestan Republic 1944–1949 Ghulja China Soviet satellite state set up in Xinjiang. The Soviets later turned against it and approved its incorporation by China.[247]
Kingdom of Luang Prabang 1945 Luang Prabang Laos Japanese puppet state that preceded the Lao Issara.[248]
/ Empire of Vietnam Huế Vietnam Japanese puppet state that preceded the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[249]
Kingdom of Kampuchea Phnom Penh Cambodia Japanese puppet state that preceded the second French protectorate of Cambodia.[250]
Inner Mongolian People's Republic Sonid Right Banner China During World War II, the Japanese support in Inner Mongolia was established, and a new puppet state named Mengjiang was created. In August 1945, it was destroyed by Soviet and Mongolian troops. On September 9, 1945, the Sunid Yutsi held a Congress of People's Representatives and aimags khoshuns of Inner Mongolia. Held for three days, the Congress proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia and elected an interim government. In November, the Chinese Communist Party managed to bring the situation under control, and reorganized the Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Government.[251]
Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune Hòn Gai, Cẩm Phả Vietnam Anti-Japanese and anti-French Trotskyist state established in the Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả coal region north of Haiphong.[252]
Saigon Commune Saigon Anti-Japanese and anti-French Trotskyist state established in the Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam.[253]
Laos Kingdom of Laos 1945–1946 Vientiane, Luang Prabang Laos Partisan state[254]
Azerbaijan People's Government Tabriz Iran Soviet puppet state set up in Iranian Azerbaijan but later reclaimed by Iran.[255]
People's Republic of Jeju Island Jeju Island South Korea People's Committees on Jeju Island were functioning successfully as a de facto government with popular support. Its collapse eventually led to a rebellion on the Island.[256]
Republic of Indonesia 1945–1949 Jakarta Indonesia Independence de facto recognized by the Netherlands, de jure recognition by Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon.[257]
Kurdistan Region Republic of Mahabad 1946–1947 Mahabad Iran Declared independence from Iran, but then occupied by Iran after the withdrawal of the Soviet Red Army from the north of the country.[258]
Khanate of Kalat 1947–1948 Kalat Pakistan Kalat was a princely state in Baluchistan Agency, one of the agencies of British India. The Khan of Kalat declared his nation's independence on August 15, 1947, one day after India and Pakistan declared independence. From 15 August 1947 to 27 March 1948, the region was de facto independent before acceding to Pakistan on 27 March 1948. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Khan relented and acceded Kalat to Pakistan in 1948.[259]
Manipur State 1947–1949 Imphal India and Myanmar Manipur was a princely state of the British Indian Empire from 1891 to 1947.

It was granted independence at midnight of 14 August 1947. From 14 August 1947 to October 1949, the region was de jure independent, before acceding to India on 15 October 1949. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Manipur King Bodhchandra Singh relented and acceded Manipur to India in 1949 following the Manipur Merger Agreement.[260]

State of Pasundan 1948–1949 Bandung Indonesia Originally established as the Pasundan Republic on 4 May 1947 by Musa Suriakartalegawa, who was backed by the Dutch colonial government, it would become the State of Pasundan on 26 February 1948. Pasundan was incorporated into the newly independent Republic of Indonesia on 27 December 1949 and dissolved on 11 March 1950, being succeeded by the modern Indonesian province of West Java.[261]
Republic of South Maluku

Republic of South Maluku

 1950–1963 Ambon The Moluccas formed part of the United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950), but declared independence in April 1950 in reaction of centralizing tendencies from Jakarta. It was quickly conquered by Indonesian troops, but maintains a government in exile in the Netherlands.[262]
Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1954–1961 Silvassa India Territory made up of two former exclaves of the Portuguese district of Daman (Portuguese India). In 1954, it was invaded and occupied by supporters of their integration in the Indian Union. Thereafter and until formal annexation by India in 1961, it enjoyed a de facto independence. Portugal continued to consider Dadra and Nagar Haveli as Portuguese territory until 1974. The native citizens of the territory continued to be entitled to the grant of Portuguese citizenship until 2006.[263]
Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia 1958–1961 Padang Indonesia A revolutionary government set up in Sumatra to oppose the central government of Indonesia in 1958.

Although frequently referred to as the PRRI/Permesta rebellion, the Permesta rebels were a separate movement in Sulawesi, that had pledged allegiance with the PRRI on 17 February 1958.[264]

United Suvadive Republic Suvadive Islands 1959–1963 Hithadhoo Maldives Attempted break-away state; it was supported by Britain briefly before being abandoned.[265]
Republic of Timor 1961 Dili Timor-Leste In early 1961 the Battle Office for the Liberation of Timor (Bureau de Luta pela Libertação de Timor) was formed under the leadership of Maoclao and backed by Indonesia. A republic was proclaimed in the border town of Batugade on 9 April 1961. It was quickly put down by Portuguese troops.[266]
Central Highlands Montagnard–Champa 1964–1992 ? Vietnam Minority coalition of indigenous Muslim and Hindu Cham, Montagnards, and Buddhist Khmer Krom against the majority ethnic Kinh Vietnamese.[267]
Shanghai People's Commune 1967 Shanghai China Attempt at recreating a Paris commune-style revolution in China.[268]
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam 1969–1976 Tây Ninh, Lộc Ninh, Cam Lộ, Saigon Vietnam A puppet government of North Vietnam formed from the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam shadow government.[269]
Fatahland 1969–1982 West Beirut Lebanon PLO controlled administration during the Lebanese Civil War. Emerged after the Six-Day War.[270]
People's Republic of Tyre 1975 Tyre PLO controlled administration during the Lebanese Civil War. Emerged after the Savoy Hotel attack.[271]
Marounistan 1976–1991 Jounieh Christian militia controlled administration during the Lebanese Civil War[272]
Free Lebanon State 1979–1984 Marjayoun In 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, the Lebanese army began to break up. Major Saad Haddad, commanding an army battalion in the south which had been part of the Army of Free Lebanon, broke away and founded a group known as the Free Lebanon Army (FLA). The FLA fought against various groups including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Amal Movement and (after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon) the emerging Hezbollah. The 1978 Israeli invasion allowed the Free Lebanon Army to gain control over a much wider area in southern Lebanon. On April 18, 1979, Haddad proclaimed the area controlled by his force "Independent State of Free Lebanon" (Dawlet Lebnaan El Horr El Mest’ell) with the capital Beirut, though his actual headquarters were in Marjayoun. In May 1980, " Free Lebanon Army" was renamed "South Lebanon Army". The statehood claim was downplayed following the death of Haddad in 1984, though his successor Antouan Lahed continued to exercise some authority in Southern Lebanon until the year 2000. On 24 May 2000, following Israeli withdrawal and final collapse of the SLA, Lebanese forces occupied the small town Marjayoun, which was the "capital" of southern Lebanon.[273]
Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan 1980 ? Afghanistan A small Salafist state located in the northern Bashgal Valley founded by cleric Mawlawi Afzal during the Afghan mujahideen insurgency.[274]
Civil Administration of the Mountain 1983–1991 ? Lebanon Druze Socialist Administration during the Lebanese Civil War[275]
Gorno-Badakhshan Republic 1992 Khorugh Tajikistan When the civil war broke out in Tajikistan in 1992, the local government in Gorno-Badakhshan declared independence from the Republic of Tajikistan.[276]
Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Aden Yemen Breakaway state formed during the 1994 civil war in Yemen. It only lasted six weeks before being reconquered.[277]
Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia 1994–1998 Pailin Cambodia Rival government of the restored Kingdom of Cambodia by the Khmer Rouge. Dissolved following the death of Pol Pot.[278]
Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan 1994–2003 Byara Iraq The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan was a short-lived unrecognized Kurdish Islamic quasi-state from 1994 to 2003.[279]
Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan 1996 Badakhshan Afghanistan An unrecognized Islamic state ruled by Sharia law in modern day Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan.[280]
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996–2001 Kabul Afghanistan and Pakistan In 1996, The Taliban took control over Kabul but lost control of the regions they controlled in 2001. However, after the Fall of Kabul in 2021, the Taliban reinstated their rule.[281]
Tamil Eelam 2002–2009 Trincomalee Sri Lanka For much the Sri Lankan Civil War, the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka were controlled by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a Tamil militant organization which fought to establish a separate state known as "Tamil Eelam". Tamil Eelam was not recognized by any other state. After a failed 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lanka Armed Forces began a relentless offensive against the LTTE in 2006, beginning the final stage of the civil war. By 18 May 2009, the Sri Lankan Army had recaptured all land formerly controlled by the LTTE, and the self-declared Tamil Eelam ceased to exist.[282]
Islamic Emirate of Rafah 2009 Rafah Palestine A short-lived unrecognized Islamic state located in Rafah. It was founded by Jund Ansar Allah when they declared independence in 2009, two years after the Hamas takeover of Gaza. It collapsed after the 2009 Battle of Rafah.[283]
Bangsamoro Republik Bangsamoro Republik 2013 Davao City, Zamboanga City Philippines Following their defeat in Zamboanga City by the Armed Forces of the Philippines on September 28, 2013, the Moro National Liberation Front self-declared Bangsamoro Republic ceased to exist.[284]
Islamic State Emirate of Azaz 2013–2014 Azaz Syria Proclaimed by the Islamic State following its capture of Azaz in 2013.[285]
Islamic State Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Baqubah Syria and Iraq Proclaimed after the Islamic State of Iraq expanded into Syria. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was later abolished and replaced with the Islamic State.[286]
Islamic State Islamic Emirate of Yemen 2015–2020 Mukalla Yemen Short-lived unrecognized Islamic state established by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula after the 2015 Battle of Mukalla, as part of their goal to establish an Islamic emirate in Hadhramaut.[287]

Europe

Name Date Capital Now part of Notes
Couto Misto 10th century–1868 Santiago de Rubiás Spain and Portugal De facto independent microstate on the border between Galicia (Spain) and Northern Portugal. By the 1864 Treaty of Lisbon, its territory was partitioned between Spain and Portugal.[288]
Miecław's State 1037–1047 Płock Poland A state located in Masovia with capital in Płock. It was formed around 1037 by Miecław by breaking away from Duchy of Poland during the crisis inside the country. It existed until 1047, when Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland, reconquered the state into Duchy of Poland.[289]
Commune of Rome 1144–1193 Rome Italy and Vatican City Established in the summer of 1143 after a rebellion led by the people of Rome. A people's revolt was led due to the increasing powers of the Pope and the entrenched powers of the higher nobility. The goal of the rebellion was to organize the civil government of Rome in a similar fashion to that of the previous Roman Republic, including the reestablishment of the Senate.[290]
Republic of Poljica 1239–1807 Omiš Croatia Had a population of 6566 in 1806, was best known for its Poljica Statute[291]
Senarica 1343–1797 Senarica Italy Had a peak population of 300[292]
Duchy of Gniewkowo 1373–1374

1375–1377

 Gniewkowo Poland A district principality and a fiefdom within the Kingdom of Poland during the era of fragmentation that was formed in 1314 from part of the Duchy of Inowrocław. The country was located in the Kuyavia and consisted of Gniewkowo and Słońsk Lands[293]
Principality of Wales 1400–1415 ? United Kingdom Controlled a majority of Wales between 1403 and 1406[294]
Republic of Cospaia 1440–1826 Cospaia Italy Cospaia unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV, who was embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel, made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence. By error, a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty, and its inhabitants declared themselves independent. On May 25, 1826, Cospaia was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States.[295]
Golden Ambrosian Republic 1447–1450 Milan Founded during the Milanese War of Succession[296]
Kingdom of Croatia 1526–1527 Cetin Croatia Following the death of the heirless Jagiellonian king Louis II on 29 August 1526, Croatia was left kingless until the 1527 election in Cetin when the Sabor elected the Habsburg Archduke of Austria, Ferdinand I, as the new Croatian king on 1 January 1527. The charter electing Ferdinand was confirmed with the seals of six Croatian nobles and four representatives of the Archduke.[297]
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526–1551, 1556–1570 Buda, Lipova, Alba Iulia Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Ukraine Ruled by the Ottoman-backed Zápolya dynasty who didn't accept the Habsburg claim over the entirety of Hungary[298]
First Earldom of Desmond 1569–1572 ? Ireland Early war of Irish resistance to English rule[299]
Kingdom of Livonia 1570–1578 Põltsamaa Estonia and Latvia Declared by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible during the Livonian War as a Russian vassal in opposition to Dano–Norwegian, Polish–Lithuanian and Swedish claims on the region, with Magnus, the brother of the Danish King Frederick II, enthroned as its monarch. Following the Russian defeat in the war, Livonia was partitioned between Denmark, Poland, and Sweden, respectively acquiring Ösel, Livonia/Courland–Semigallia, and Estonia.[300]
Second Earldom of Desmond 1579–1582 ? Ireland Early war of Irish resistance to English rule[301]
Polish–Swedish union 1592–1599 Kraków, Warsaw Poland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia Declared by Polish King Sigismund III Vasa who also succeeded his father, the Swedish King John III Vasa. Led to a Swedish civil war that ultimately resulted in the ejection of Sigismund from Sweden and the dissolution of the union. Successive Polish kings would maintain an uninterrupted claim on the Swedish throne until 1660.[302]
Irish alliance 1593–1603 ? Ireland and United Kingdom Early war of Irish resistance to English rule[303]
Kingdom of Bohemia 1618–1620 Prague Czech Republic At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, the Bohemian kingdom declared independence from the Habsburg monarchy and temporarily elected Frederick V of the Palatinate as their new king, but the rebels were ultimately defeated at the Battle of the White Mountain.[304]
Catalan Republic 1640–1641 Barcelona Spain and France Declared during the Reapers' War[305]
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1655–1657 Kėdainiai Lithuania, Belarus and Poland A dominium directum protectorate of the Swedish Empire under the rule of King Charles X Gustav in accordance with the Union of Kėdainiai. It de jure existed from 1655 until 1657[306]
Grand Principality of Ruthenia 1658 Kyiv Ukraine and Belarus A project of Ruthenia (Ukraine) as a member of the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth in the territory of Kiev Voivodeship, Bracław Voivodeship and Chernihiv Voivodeship. Its creation was proposed by Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky with Yuri Nemyrych and Pavlo Teteria in September 1658 during the negotiations between the Cossack Hetmanate and the Commonwealth. The project of the Duchy was approved in the first version of the Treaty of Hadiach, but later, because of the strong resistance of Polish society, the idea of the Grand Principality of Rus was completely abandoned.[307]
Corsica Kingdom of Corsica 1736 Cervione, Corte France A short-lived kingdom on the island of Corsica. It was formed after the islanders crowned the German adventurer Theodor Stephan Freiherr von Neuhoff as King of Corsica.[308]
Corsica Corsican Republic 1755–1769 Corte Seceded from Republic of Genoa. Recognized only by Bey of Tunis.[309]
Republic of Liège 1789–1791 Liège Belgium A short-lived state centred on the town of Liège in modern-day Belgium. The republic was created in August 1789 after the Liège Revolution led to the destruction of the earlier ecclesiastical state which controlled the territory, the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. It coexisted with the even more short-lived revolutionary state, the United States of Belgium, created by the Brabant Revolution of 1789, to the north. By 1791, the forces of the republic had been defeated by Prussian and Austrian forces and the Prince-Bishopric was restored.[310]
Paris Commune 1789–1795 Paris France Declared during the French Revolution[311]
United Belgian States 1790 Brussels Belgium and Luxembourg A short-lived confederal republic in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) established under the Brabant Revolution. It existed from January to December 1790 as part of the unsuccessful revolt against the Habsburg Emperor, Joseph II.[312]
Rauracian Republic 1792 ? Switzerland A short-lived French occupation zone that included parts of modern Switzerland around the Jura mountains. It was created from the northern portion of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire.[313][314]
Transpadane Republic 1796–1797 Milan Italy A sister republic of France established in Milan from 1796 to 1797.[315]
Republic of Crema 1797 Crema A revolutionary municipality in Lombardy, which was created when the French Army entered Crema on 28 March 1797[316]
Republic of Bergamo Bergamo Shortlived French client republic in Bergamo[317]
Ligurian Republic 1797–1805 Genoa A French client republic formed by Napoleon on 14 June 1797. It consisted of the old Republic of Genoa, which covered most of the Ligurian region of Northwest Italy, and the small Imperial fiefs owned by the House of Savoy inside its territory.[318]
Tiberina Republic 1798 Perugia A revolutionary municipality proclaimed on 4 February 1798, when republicans took power in the city of Perugia. It was an occupation zone that took its name from the river Tiber. A month later, the government of all the Papal States was changed into a republic: the Roman Republic, which Perugia belonged to[319]
Republic of Connacht Castlebar Ireland French client republic.[320]
Lemanic Republic Lausanne Switzerland Formerly a subject territory of Bern. The Lemanic Republic declared its independence in January 1798 before being incorporated into the Helvetic Republic as Canton of Léman (today: Vaud) in April of the same year.[321]
Roman Republic 1798–1799 Rome Italy Declared on 15 February 1798, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius VI's departure to France where he later died.[322]
The Gozitan Nation 1798–1801 Rabat Malta Independent kingdom under Neapolitan King Ferdinand III; actually ruled by a provisional government set up by Saverio Cassar, after French troops on the island capitulated to rebels. It became part of the British protectorate of Malta in 1801.[323]
Revolutionary Serbia 1804–1813 Topola, Belgrade Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina The state established by the Serbian revolutionaries in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after the start of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804. The Sublime Porte first officially recognized the state as autonomous in January 1807, however, the Serbian revolutionaries rejected the treaty and continued fighting the Ottomans until 1813[324]
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1812) [be] 1812 Vilnius Belarus, Lithuania and Poland Napoleonic attempt at restoring the historical Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the Grande Armée occupied Vilnius on 28 June 1812. Established on 1 July 1812, the provisional government had seven committees, a president, and even an army that cost 500,000 francs to create, along with a native Lithuanian regiment which served in Napoleon's Imperial Guard.[325]
Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission 1812–1813 Vilnius Merged with the Duchy of Warsaw to form the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland[326]
General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland Warsaw Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine A puppet state of France that was made from the reorganised Duchy of Warsaw during Napoleon's Russian campaign[327]
Kingdom of Norway 1814 Oslo Norway Norway declared its independence, as a result of the refusal of the Treaty of Kiel after the Napoleonic Wars, adopted a Constitution and elected Danish Prince Christian Frederik as its own king. Resulting to a short war with Sweden, leading to Norway accepting entering into a personal union with Sweden at the Convention of Moss.[328]
State of Franche-Comté Vesoul France A Short-lived state which existed from January 27 to June 6, 1814[329]
Republic of Pontecorvo 1820–1821 Pontecorvo Italy In April 1820, the Carbonari, a secretive revolutionary organisation, unilaterally declared the secession of the exclave of Pontecorvo from the Papal States. Pontecorvo requested twice to join the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies but both attempts were refused, with the Two Sicilies wishing not to negotiate the affairs of the exclave except through the Pope. The republic was occupied by Austrian forces in March 1821 which restored it to the Papal States.[330]
Messenian Senate 1821 Kalamata Greece Unrecognised Protostate during the Greek war of independence. It was the first move towards the creation of the Peloponnesian Senate.[331]
Achaean Directory [el] 1821–1822 Patras Unrecognised Protostate during the Greek war of independence. It was a form of local administration that operated in Achaia during the first months of the war.[332]
Senate of Western Continental Greece 1821–1823 Missolonghi Unrecognised Protostate during the Greek war of independence. It was a provisional regime that existed in western Central Greece during the early stages of the war.[333]
Peloponnesian Senate Tripoli Unrecognised Protostate during the Greek war of independence. It was a provisional regime that existed in the Peloponnese during the early stages of the war.[334]
Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece 1821–1825 Amfissa Unrecognised Protostate during the Greek war of independence. It was a provisional regime that existed in eastern Central Greece during the war.[335]
Military-Political System of Samos 1821–1834 Vathy Unrecognised Protostate during the Greek war of independence. It was a provisional regime that existed in the island of Samos during the war.[336]
Provisional Government of the Island of Crete [el] 1822 Armeni Unrecognised Protostate during the Greek war of independence. It was equivalent to the First National Assembly of Epidaurus that had preceded it.[337]
First Hellenic Republic 1822–1832 Nafplio The provisional Greek state during the Greek Revolution against the Ottoman Empire. From 1822 until 1827, it was known as the Provisional Administration of Greece, and between 1827 and 1832, it was known as the Hellenic State[338]
Italy Italian United Provinces 1831 Bologna Italy A short-lived state (a Republic) that was established in 1831 in some territories of the Papal States (Romagna, Marche and Umbria) and in the Duchies of Parma and Modena.

It existed from 5 February (following the popular uprising in Bologna, when the temporal power of the Pope and the Emilian Dukes were declared to be revoked) until 26 April, the day the city of Ancona was taken by the Austrian troops.[339]

Kingdom of Poland Warsaw Poland A Polish shadow government established during the November Uprising[340]
First Paris Commune 1832 Paris France Anti-monarchist rebellion against King Louis Philippe I[341]
Kingdom of Tavolara 1836–1962? Tavolara Italy The Bertoleoni family claimed to be monarchs of an island off the northeast coast of Sardinia.[342]
Sonderbund 1845–1847 ? Switzerland A rival Confederation which broke away from Switzerland 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power.[343]
Provisional Government of Milan 1848 Milan Italy Italian revolutionary state established during the Revolutions of 1848.[344]
Republic of Mosina Mosina Poland A short-lived microstate centred around the city of Mosina, which existed for five or six days in May 1848. The country was proclaimed on 3 May 1848, during the Greater Poland uprising, out of lands of insurrect-controlled lands of Grand Duchy of Posen, Kingdom of Prussia, with Jakub Krotowski-Krauthofer as its head of state. The republic ceased to exist five or six days later, on 8 or 9 May 1848 after the defeat of rebel forces.[345]
Sicily 1848–1849 Palermo Italy Italian revolutionary state established during the Revolutions of 1848.[346]
Repubblica di San Marco Venice Following 1848 unrests, the republic was proclaimed in 1848 in the territories of Venetia with the capital Venice. Allied with the other Italian states against Austrian Empire, it eventually voted to federate under Kingdom of Sardinia, but it went back to independence after piedmontese defeat. Remaining only Venice and its lagoon under control, the republic surrendered after almost 5 months of siege and after 17 months of existence.[347]
German Empire Frankfurt Germany A short-lived proto-state which existed from 1848 to 1849. In one view, it was a revolutionary new created national state. According to another view, it was the reformed German Confederation.[348]
Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune Roquebrune, Menton France A union of two cities who seceded from Monaco due to high tax rates and increasing poverty, later absorbed by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia[349]
Serbian Vojvodina Sremski Karlovci, Zemun, Zrenjanin, Timișoara Serbia and Romania A short-lived self-proclaimed Serb autonomous province within the Austrian Empire during the Revolutions of 1848, which existed until 1849 when it was transformed into the new (official) Austrian province named Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar.[350]
Hungarian State 1849 Buda Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Austria, Slovakia and Ukraine A short-lived unrecognised state that existed for 4 months in the last phase of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49.[351]
Roman Republic 1849–1850 Rome Italy and Vatican City A short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's departure to Gaeta. The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi. Together they formed a triumvirate, a reflection of a form of government during the first century BC crisis of the Roman Republic.[352]
Kingdom of Italy United Provinces of Central Italy 1859–1860 Modena Italy A short-lived military government established in 1859 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations, after the Second Italian War of Independence.[353]
Polish National Government 1863–1864 Warsaw, Vilnius, Kyiv Poland A Polish shadow government established during the January Uprising[354]
Republic of Ploiești 1870 Ploiești Romania Anti-monarchist rebellion against King Carol I[355]
Croatian People's Government 1871 Rakovica Croatia Attempt by Croatian revolutionary Eugen Kvaternik at restoring Croatian statehood after 769 years of foreign rule. The revolt lasted from 8 October 1871 to 11 October 1871.[356]
Canton of Málaga 1873 Málaga Spain A short-lived federal entity that was created during the Cantonal rebellion of 1873, in the First Spanish Republic.[357]
Valencian Canton Valencia One of the first independent cantons proclaimed in the Cantonal rebellion during the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874). It was officially proclaimed on July 18, 1873, and 178 municipalities of the Valencia province adhered to it. It fell on August 8, when the troops of Martínez Campos, sent by the federal republican government of Nicolás Salmerón, entered the city of Valencia, causing the surrender of the Canton.[358]
Catalan State Barcelona Shortlived state in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands[359]
Canton of Cartagena 1873–1874 Cartagena In 1873 Cartagena was proclaimed as an independent canton, called the Canton of Cartagena. This proclamation started the Cantonal Revolution in Spain, during the First Spanish Republic. It was the beginning of the cantonalism, a movement that sought to establish a federal state composed of autonomous cantons. Some cities and territories joined the cantonal cause and were declared independents too, but they surrendered a few days later. The only canton with an organized government as state, control on its territory and military power was Cartagena, which declared war and faced the Spanish central government during six months, until it was invaded.[360]
Republic of Tamrash 1878–1886 ? Bulgaria The Republic of Tamrash was a self-governing administrative structure of the Pomaks, living in the Tamrash region of the Rhodope Mountains.[361]
Gurian Republic 1902–1906 Ozurgeti Georgia The Gurian Republic or the Gurian peasant republic was an insurrection that took place in the western Georgian province Guria (then part of the Imperial Russia) prior to and during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Republic existed from the November 1905 to January 10, 1906.[362]
Kruševo Republic 1903 Kruševo North Macedonia Republic established in Kruševo, North Macedonia at the start of the Ilinden Uprising. It lasted solely 10 days, from the third to the thirteenth of August. It can be considered as one of the first modern governments with leftist views, as both the president, Nikola Karev and his co-writer of the Kruševo Manifesto, Nikola Kirov, were socialists and members of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party.[363]
Strandzha Commune Malko Tarnovo Bulgaria and Turkey Rebel polity in the Ottoman Empire region during the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising.[364]
Liubotyn Republic and Shuliavka Republic 1905 Liubotyn, Shuliavka Ukraine The Lyubotinskaya Republic — proclaimed in December 1905, independent workers' state in the armed insurrection of the workers and railwaymen in Lyubotin during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Republic existed from the December 26 to 30, 1905. The Shuliavka Republic was an early 20th-century worker-based quasi-government organization in the city of Kiev, Ukraine, whose main task was self-defence. The uprising lasted a total of four days, from December 12–16 (o.s., in the Gregorian Calendar, 26–29), 1905.[365]
Republic of Zagłębie and Republic of Sławków Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, Sławków Poland The Polish towns Zagłębie Dąbrowskie and Sławków were taken over by revolutionaries during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Both republics existed in November–December 1905, each about 10–12 days.[366]
Chita Republic, Krasnoyarsk Republic, Novorossiysk Republic, Sochi Republic, Stary Buyan Republic 1905–1906 Chita, Krasnoyarsk, Novorossiysk, Sochi Russia The Chita Republic was a workers and peasants' dictatory republic in Chita during the Russian Revolution of 1905, installed by actual seizure of power in Chita RSDLP Committee and the Council of Soldiers 'and Cossacks' Deputies in November 1905 – January 1906. The Krasnoyarsk Republic — government, organized by the Joint Board of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in Krasnoyarsk during the First Russian Revolution. Lasted from 9 to 27 December 1905. The Novorossiysk Republic — the worker-peasant self-government established by the Council of Workers' Deputies in Novorossiysk on 12 December 1905 and lasted until 26 December of the same year. The Sochi Republic — political education social democratic sense, arising from the modern city of Sochi as a result of the revolutionary uprisings of 1905, lasted from December 28, 1905, to January 5, 1906 (i.e., about 9 days). The Starobuyanskaya Republic — peasant self-government established during the First Russian Revolution in the village of Stary Buyan, lasted from 12 to 26 November 1905.[367]
Markovo Republic Markovo The Markovo Republic was a self-proclaimed peasant state, located in Russia, in the Volokolamsk area. It was proclaimed on October 18, 1905, when during the Russian Revolution of 1905 peasants took control of the local government in the village Markovo and 5 other villages. It had existed until July 18, 1906.[368]
Republic of Ostrowiec Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski Poland The Republic of Ostrowiec (Republika Ostrowiecka) — government set December 27, 1905 during the First Russian Revolution in cities Ostrowiec, Iłża, Ćmielów and locality. Republic fell in the middle of January 1906.[369]
Comrat Republic 1906 Comrat Moldova Established in the village of Comrat, in the Bessarabia Governorate, in protest of the tsarist regime of the Russian Empire. It was created after a mutiny by Andrey Galatsan, a socialist revolutionary, with the support of the local Gagauz population. It lasted six days (from 6 January to 12 January) and is today viewed positively in Gagauzia (now in Moldova) as a premonition of the future Gagauz territorial autonomy.[370]
Free State of Ikaria 1912 Agios Kirykos Greece Small shortlived state on the island of Ikaria and some Neighbouring islands such as Fournoi Korseon[371]
Provisional Government of Western Thrace 1913 Komotini Greece and Bulgaria A small, short-lived republic from August 31 to October 25, 1913, at the end of the Second Balkan War when Western Thrace was then occupied by the Ottoman Empire. It was founded as a state with Ottoman support, in order to avoid Bulgarian rule after the Treaty of Bucharest, in which the Ottomans had not taken part. Under British pressure, the Balkan powers and the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of Eastern Thrace. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, the area was annexed by Bulgaria.[372]
Republic of Central Albania 1913–1914 Durrës Albania The Republic of Central Albania was a republic declared following the pullout of Ottoman forces from the former Albanian Vilayet. Declared by Essad Pasha Toptani, the republic's existence came to an end when the troops of William of Wied took control of the country.[373]
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 1914 Gjirokastër A short-lived, self-governing entity founded in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars on 28 February 1914, by the local Greek population in southern Albania (Northern Epirotes).[374]
General Government of Galicia and Bukovina 1914–1917 Lviv Poland and Ukraine A temporary Imperial Russian military administration of eastern parts of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria captured from Austria-Hungary during World War I.[375]
General Government of Belgium 1914–1918 Brussels Belgium A German Army occupation administration which administered one of the three separate occupation zones established in German-occupied Belgium during the First World War.[376]
Government General of Warsaw 1915–1918 Warsaw Poland An administrative civil district created by the German Empire in World War I. It encompassed the north-western half of the former Russian-ruled Congress Poland.[377]
Military Government of Lublin Kielce, Lublin A military administration of an area of the Russian Empire under the occupation of Austria-Hungary, during the World War I, that existed from 1915 to 1917. It was administered under the command of Governors-General, with the seat of government originally based in Kielce, and in October 1915, moved to Lublin.[378]
Republic of Ireland Irish Republic 1916 Dublin Ireland and United Kingdom An independent republic covering the entire island of Ireland declared on 24 April 1916 during the Easter Rising; sent out a radio broadcast to the nations of Europe: "Irish Republic declared in Dublin today. Irish troops have captured city and are in full possession. Enemy cannot move in city. The whole country rising." The rebels surrendered on 29 April.[379]
Samarina Republic 1917 Samarina Greece First Attempt at an Aromanian State.[380]
Provisional Land Council of Vidzeme Valmiera Latvia Created in the Governorate of Livonia on March 13, 1917 following the democratic February Revolution in Russian Empire. Initially it supported ideas of Latvian land unity and self-determination, but by the second half of 1917 it came under increasing Bolshevik influence and on January 2, 1918 it ceased to exist, relinquishing its authority to the Bolshevik Iskolat.[381]
Provisional Land Council of Courland Tartu Created on 27 April 1917 in Tartu as the representative organ of Courland Governorate.

Because Courland was under German military occupation since the summer of 1915, the Council was created in Estonian city of Tartu, and following the German offensive, was evacuated to Russian city Kazan in October 1917.[382]

Crimean People's Republic 1917–1918 Bakhchysarai Ukraine Defeated by the Red Army.[383]
Latgale Provisional Land Council of Latgale Daugavpils? Latvia The Provisional Land Council was a temporary governing body formed amid revolutionary upheaval to address urgent land reforms and local self-governance.[384]
Moldavian Democratic Republic Chișinău Moldova and Ukraine Joined Kingdom of Romania[385]
Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets Kharkiv Ukraine Soviet Russia puppet state created on efforts of the local Bolsheviks and military support from Moscow and Petrograd. It was cleared out of Ukraine by the Ukrainian People's Republic with the help from Germany and Austria.[386]
Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia Cēsis, Valka Latvia The governing body in the territory of Latvia that was under control of the pro-Communist Red Latvian Riflemen in 1917–1918.[387]
The South-Eastern Union of Cossack Troops, Highlanders of the Caucasus, and Free Peoples of the Steppes [ru] Yekaterinodar Ukraine and Russia Short-lived anti-Bolshevik confederation[388]
Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) Warsaw Poland A short-lived polity that was proclaimed during World War I by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruled Congress Poland held by the Central Powers as the Government General of Warsaw and which became active on 14 January 1917. It was subsequently transformed between 7 October 1918 and 22 November 1918 into the independent Second Polish Republic, the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being later set at 11 November 1918.

In spite of the initial total dependence of this client state on its sponsors,[389]

Union of Highlanders [ru] 1917–1919 Buynaksk Russia Also known as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus[390]
Bashkurdistan Orenburg, Chelyabinsk After the Russian Revolution, the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled by Äxmätzäki Wälidi Tıwğan proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashkir Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and the autonomous entity Bashkurdistan on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashkortostan the first ever democratic Turkic republic in history, preceding Crimea, Idel-Ural, and Azerbaijan. Annexed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in March 1919 and succeeded by the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[391]
Orenburg Cossack Republic [ru] 1917–1920 Orenburg Provisional government established by Cossacks in Orenburg[392]
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1917–1922 Saint Petersburg, Moscow Revolutionary soviet state led by Vladimir Lenin during the Russian civil war.[393]
Baku Soviet Commune 1918 Baku Azerbaijan The commune was established in the city of Baku, which was then the capital of the briefly independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and is now the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The commune, led by Stepan Shahumyan, existed until 26 July 1918 when the Bolsheviks were forced out of power by a coalition of Dashnaks, Right SRs and Mensheviks.

After their overthrow, the Baku commissars attempted to leave Baku but were captured by the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and imprisoned. On 14 September 1918, during the fall of Baku to Ottoman forces, Red Army soldiers broke into their prison and freed the commissars; they then boarded a ship to Krasnovodsk, where they were promptly arrested by local authorities and, on the night of 20 September, executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Transcaspian Railway by soldiers of the Ashkhabad Committee. They were executed for essentially letting the Islamic Army of the Caucasus seize Baku.[394]

Kazan Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic Kazan Russia Formed in opposition to Idel-Ural State[395]
Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly Samara An anti-Bolshevik government that operated in Samara, Russia, during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after the Czechoslovak Legion had occupied the city.[396]
Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council Mainz Germany The effective government of Mainz from 9 November until the arrival of French troops on 9 December 1918 during the German Revolution of 1918.[397]
Republic of Zakopane Zakopane Poland An area in Galicia centered on the city of Zakopane that created its own parliament ("National Organisation") on October 13, 1918. The parliament's principal goal was to join an independent state of Poland. On October 30, the Organisation officially declared its independence from Austria-Hungary and, two days later, made itself a "National Council". This was eventually disestablished on November 16 when the Polish Liquidation Committee took control of Galicia.[398]
Supreme Administration of the Northern Region Arkhangelsk Russia An anti-Bolshevik left-wing Allied government part of the White movement during the Russian Civil War. Allied warships sailed into the port from the White Sea.[399]
Idel-Ural State Ufa An unsuccessful attempt of the autonomy of Tatar peoples that claimed to unite Tatars, Bashkirs, and the Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War. The republic was proclaimed on 1 March 1918, by a Congress of Muslims from Russia's interior and Siberia, but defeated by Bolsheviks the same month. Idel-Ural means "Volga-Ural" in the Tatar language.[400]
Republic of Heinzenland Mattersburg Austria A short-lived and unrecognized nation in the region now known as the Austrian federal state of Burgenland, aimed at protecting the German-speaking population in Western Hungary[401]
Slovak People's Republic Košice Slovakia A short-lived state that lasted from 11 December to 29 December 1918.

The Eastern Slovak National Council was established as an organisation concurrent to the Slovak National Council in November 1918. The council was led by Viktor Dvorcsák [sk], an advocate and ex-archivist from Prešov working for the Hungarian revisionist movement.[402]

State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs Zagreb Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Temporary state of the Austro-Hungarian South Slavs, declared on October 29, 1918, and merged with the Kingdom of Serbia on December 1, 1918, into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)[403]
First Republic of Pińczów Pińczów Poland Area of Pińczów and the surrounding area which was captured at the end of 1918 for a period of six weeks by the city's inhabitants, led by Jan Lisowski, after the disarmament of the occupation troops without a fight.[404]
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic Helsinki Finland and Russia Lasted only three months during the Finnish Civil War, but was recognized by Soviet Russia.[405]
Republic of Vorarlberg Bregenz Austria Amidst the chaos in collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire the Vorarlbergers proclaimed themselves a separate non-Austrian, Germanic people and declared on 3 November 1918 the independence as Republic of Vorarlberg. The secession was blocked by the Allies and the new Austrian republican government. In April 1919, over 80% of the Vorarlbergers voted to secede from Austria and attach themselves to Switzerland, but they were again blocked.[406]
Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic (Republic of Alsace–Lorraine) Strasbourg France The Soviet Republic, existed in Alsace from 10 to 22 November 1918.[407]
Banat Republic Timișoara Romania, Serbia and Hungary Established in the Banat region of modern Serbia by members of ethnic groups in the region, it was only recognized by Hungary. It was invaded by Serbia and in 1919 partitioned between Hungary, Romania, and the newly created Yugoslavia.[408]
Bunjevac People's Republic Sombor Serbia Proclaimed at Sombor in alliance with the Banat Republic to represent the interests of the Catholic Bunjevci.[409]
Terek Soviet Republic Pyatigorsk, Vladikavkaz Russia A short-lived republic on the territory of the former Terek Oblast. Its capital was first Pyatigorsk, and later Vladikavkaz.[410]
Don Soviet Republic Rostov-on-Don A short-lived Soviet republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that existed from March to May 1918.

Claiming the territory of the Don Host Oblast, the republic was proclaimed in March 1918 after the retreat of the White Army from the area. In May, after the revolt of the Don Cossacks and the German advance into the region as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the republic was overthrown and its leaders fled. The Don Cossacks' Don Republic took over the territory of the Don Soviet Republic.[411]

Chuvashia ? The third indigenous Volga state declared during the Russian Civil War after Idel-Ural and Bashkurdistan[412]
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918) Riga Latvia German Client State[413]
Lithuania Lithuania Vilnius Lithuania An attempt to establish an independent constitutional Lithuanian monarchy in February 1918. It was created towards the end of World War I when Lithuanian-speaking lands were under military occupation by the German Empire. The state was officially dissolved in November 1918.[414]
Republic of Tarnobrzeg 1918–1919 Tarnobrzeg Poland The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was proclaimed November 6, 1918 in the Polish town of Tarnobrzeg. Disestablished spring 1919.[415]
Crimean Regional Government Simferopol Ukraine Short-lived government in the Crimean Peninsula. The Regional Government was a German puppet state that collapsed soon after the withdrawal of the German forces. The new state soon started to crumble due to tensions with Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army and fell after the Allies withdrew.[416]
Kars Republic Kars Turkey Declared by Muslims in Eastern Anatolia seeking unification with Azerbaijan[417]
Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine Kharkiv Ukraine A provisional Soviet administration created to govern the areas, in Ukraine, occupied by Soviet Russia.[418]
West Ukrainian People's Republic Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Zalishchyky Established in eastern Galicia leading to a losing war with Poland after which it was overrun by Poland and its government joined the Ukrainian People's Republic.[419]
Komancza Republic Komańcza An association of 30 pro-Ukrainian villages, it planned to merge with the West Ukrainian People's Republic but was suppressed by Poland during the Polish-Ukrainian War[420]
Belarus Belarusian Democratic Republic Minsk Belarus Attempt by Belarusian nationalists but conquered by Poland and the Soviet Union. De facto recognized only by Finland and Ukraine. Still exists today as a government-in-exile.[421]
Austria Republic of German-Austria Vienna Austria and Czech Republic Brief state declared following the collapse of Austria-Hungary. The Allies of World War I opposed it and it was succeeded by the First Austrian Republic.[422]
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Vilnius Lithuania A short-lived Soviet puppet state during the early Interwar period. It was declared on 16 December 1918 by a provisional revolutionary government led by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas. It ceased to exist on 27 February 1919, when it was merged with the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia to form the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel).[423]
Commune of the Working People of Estonia Narva Estonia A communist government that administered the Bolshevik occupied areas of Estonia during the Estonian War of Independence.[424]
Republic of Aras Nakhchivan Azerbaijan Established during the Russian Civil War, this state only lasted several months.[425]
Rudabel Republic [ru] 1918–1920 Rudabelka Belarus Bolshevik state established in Rudabelka[426]
Republic of Batumi [ru] Batumi Georgia British Puppet State during the Russian Civil War lead by James Cooke-Collis[427]
Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic Tskhinvali South Ossetia Succeeded by the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast[428]
Kuban People's Republic Kuban People's Republic Krasnodar Russia A territory in Russia, it was declared by Kuban Cossacks in 1918. It supported the White Movement and was overrun by the Bolsheviks in 1920. De jure recognized by Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Germany, Turkey, Georgia, and the Mountain Republic.[429]
Don Republic Novocherkassk Republic was established on the historic territory of the Don Cossacks and was recognized by the Ukrainian State. In 1919 it was part of the Armed Forces of South Russia and eventually overran by Bolsheviks with its annexation to the Soviet Russia and decossackization.[430]
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic Riga, Daugavpils Latvia A short-lived socialist republic formed during the Latvian War of Independence. It was proclaimed on 17 December 1918 with the political, economic, and military backing of Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik government in the Russian SFSR. The head of government was Pēteris Stučka with Jūlijs Daniševskis as his deputy.[431]
Latvian Provisional Government Riga, Liepāja Latvia and Belarus Established during the Latvian War of Independence[432]
Republic of Perloja 1918–1923 Perloja Lithuania In the chaos after World War I, responding to such situation the locals established a self-governing parish committee, often called the Republic of Perloja. The Republic of Perloja had its own court, police, prison, currency (Perloja litas), and an army of 300 men.[433]
Free State of Schwenten 1919 Świętno Poland An independent state proclaimed in 1919 with the capital in Schwenten. The declaration of independence had defensive role as local government was aware of the Polish uprising in Greater Poland. It existed for 7 months until it joined Weimar Republic.[434]
Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic Simferopol Ukraine A state allied with Soviet Russia that existed in Crimea for several months in 1919 during the Russian Civil War.[435]
Kodun State [ru] Soorkhe Russia Shortlived theocratic state in Buryatia[436]
Hutsul Republic Yasinia Ukraine A state formed from territory in the former Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, it was invaded by the Hungarian Soviet Republic in June 1919 and then became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic. It originally intended to join the Western Ukrainian National Republic[437]
Bavarian Soviet Republic and Bremen Soviet Republic Munich Germany The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic was, as part of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the attempt to establish a socialist state in the form of a democratic workers' council republic in the Free State of Bavaria. It lasted four weeks. Another Republic that also existed for four weeks was the Bremen Soviet Republic.[438]
Slovak Soviet Republic Prešov Slovakia A pro-Hungarian puppet state set up by Red Guards from the Hungarian Soviet Republic in Upper Hungary. It lasted three weeks. After a brief war it was returned to the authority of Czechoslovakia as promised by early peace agreements.[439]
Republic of Prekmurje Murska Sobota Slovenia Existed for six days.[440]
Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia Minsk Belarus An early republic in the historical territory of Belarus for only one month in 1919 after the collapse of the Russian Empire as a result of the October Revolution.[441]
Chyhyryn Soviet Republic Chyhyryn Ukraine Unrecognised Soviet state during the Ukrainian War of Independence[442]
Steppe-Badzheyskaya Republic [ru] Stepnoy Badzhey Russia Established by anti-White insurgents in Yenisei Governorate during the Russian Civil War
Monarchy of the North Porto Portugal A stated that established by monarchists trying to restore the monarchy. It was crushed by the Portuguese Army.[443]
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Kharkiv, Kyiv Ukraine The Soviet Republic Ukrainian SSR existed from 1919 to 1991. It was not until 1945 when it was officially recognized as a founding member of the United Nations. It was created as another puppet state of the Soviet Russia. With the fall of the Soviet Union transitioned to Ukraine.[444]
Mughan Soviet Republic Lankaran Azerbaijan The Mughan Soviet Republic was a short-lived pro-Bolshevik state that existed in present-day southeastern Azerbaijan from March to June 1919.[445]
Italian Regency of Carnaro 1919–1920 Rijeka Croatia A self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) led by Gabriele d'Annunzio between 1919 and 1920.[446]
North Caucasian Emirate Vedeno Russia A mainly Avar and Chechen Islamic state that existed in the territory of Chechnya and western Dagestan during the Russian Civil War from September 1919 to March 1920. The emirate's temporary capital was established in the village of Vedeno and its leader, Uzun Hajji Saltinsky (Узун-Хаджи), was given the title "His Majesty the Imam and the Emir of the North Caucasus Emirate, Sheikh Uzun Khair Haji Khan (Узун Хаир Хаджи Хан)".[447]
Republic of North Ingria Kirjasalo The Republic of North Ingria was a state of Ingrian Finns in the southern part of the Karelian Isthmus, which seceded from Bolshevist Russia after the October Revolution. Its aim was to be incorporated into Finland. It ruled parts of Ingria from 1919 until 1920. With the Peace Treaty of Tartu it was re-integrated into Russia. Established -January 23, 1919. Disestablished — December 5, 1920.[448]
Republic of Uhtua Kalevala The Republic of Uhtua (or the Republic of East Karelia) was an unrecognized state, with the focus of a state led by Finns. It existed from 1919 to 1920, created out of five Volosts in the Kemsky uyezd of the Arkhangelsk Governorate, now in the Republic of Karelia. The capital of the republic was the village of Uhtua (now Kalevala).[449]
Independent Medvyn Republic 1919–1921 Medvyn Ukraine Established during the Ukrainian War of Independence[450]
Kholodny Yar Republic 1919–1922 Melnyky A self-proclaimed state formation, partisan movement, which ran on part of the lands of the former Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR — or Ukrainian National Republic, UNR), in the Chyhyryn district of the Kyiv province (modern Cherkasy Oblast), in the area of the Kholodny Yar forest tract. The village of Melnyky was its capital. It had a 15,000-strong army composed of peasants and soldiers from the UNR army, which was defeated by the White Army in Podolia earlier.[451]
Mliev Republic [ru] Milev Established during the Ukrainian War of Independence[452]
Republic of Ireland Irish Republic Dublin Ireland and United Kingdom An unrecognized Irish nationalist state during the Irish War for Independence it ceased to exist following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which gave Southern Ireland independence as the Irish Free State while keeping Northern Ireland under British control. These terms caused much of the victorious Irish Republican Army to reject the treaty, leading to the Irish Civil War (1922–1923) between pro-treaty Free State forces and Anti-Treaty IRA, who viewed the dissolution of the Republic as illegal.[453]
Free State of Bottleneck 1919–1923 Lorch Germany A short-lived quasi-state that existed from 10 January 1919 until 25 February 1923. It was formed from part of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau as a consequence of the occupation of the Rhineland following World War I. The Bottleneck is now part of the German states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate.[454]
Galician Soviet Socialist Republic 1920 Ternopil Ukraine The Soviet Republic Galician SSR existed from July 8, 1920, to September 21, 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War within the area of the south-western front of the Red Army.[455]
Olonets Government of Southern Karelia Olonets Russia Merged with the Republic of Uhtua to form the Karelian United Government[456]
Eastern Okraina Chita White holdout in the Russian Far East during the Russian Civil War[214]
Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee Minsk, Vilnius, Białystok Poland and Belarus A revolutionary committee created under the patronage of Soviet Russia with the goal to establish a Soviet republic within Poland.[457]
Boyko Soviet Republic [ru] Oporets Ukraine Bolshevik state established in Prykarpattia[458]
Koidanovskaya Independent Republic [ru] Dzyarzhynsk Belarus Anti-Bolshevik state established in the Dzyarzhynsk district[459]
Russia Republic of the Tambov Partisan Region [ru] 1920–1921 Tambov Russia Formed during the Civil War on the territory of the former Russian Empire, closer to the end of the Tambov Uprising[460]
Republic of Central Lithuania 1920–1922 Vilnius Lithuania and Belarus Was a short-lived puppet republic of Poland, that existed from 1920 to 1922, without an international recognition. It was founded on 12 October 1920, after Żeligowski's Mutiny, when soldiers of the Polish Army, mainly the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Infantry Division under Lucjan Żeligowski, fully supported by the Polish air force, cavalry and artillery, attacked Lithuania. It was incorporated into Poland on 18 April 1922.[461]
Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia Yerevan Armenia Succeeded the First Republic of Armenia.[462]
Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic Baku Azerbaijan Succeeded the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[463]
Karelian United Government 1920–1923 Kalevala Russia Attempt at establishing an independent Karelia[464]
Karelian Labor Commune Petrozavodsk Bolshevik counter to the Karelian United Government[465]
Lajtabánság 1921 Oberwart Austria and Hungary State declared in the Burgenland state of Austria by ethnic Hungarians following the Treaty of Trianon, where Hungary was forced to surrender the territory. It was ceased to exist after a month when Austria annexed it.[466]
Labin Republic Labin Croatia Republic established in Labin, Croatia.[467]
Serbia Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic Pécs Hungary and Croatia A Soviet-mindedCategory:All Wikipedia articles needing clarificationCategory:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015[vague] state set up by Hungarian communists fleeing the white terror following the collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. It was supported by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes but was quickly re-conquered by Hungary.[468]
Republic of Mirdita Prizren Albania Set up by Albanian Catholics trying to break away from Albania which was a mainly Muslim country. It was backed by Yugoslavia but only lasted three months.[469]
Republic of Mountainous Armenia Goris Armenia and Azerbaijan An anti-Soviet Armenian state which existed from 26 April until 13 July 1921, roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day Armenian provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and some parts of the present-day Azerbaijan.[470]
Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia 1921–1922 Sukhumi Abkhazia Succeeded by the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[471]
Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia[472] Tbilisi Georgia Succeeded the Democratic Republic of Georgia.[473]
Life and Labor Commune 1921–1939 Moscow, Novokuznetsk Russia Tolstoyan agricultural commune founded near Moscow and later moved to Novokuznetsk[474]
Soviet Union 1922–1933 Moscow Post-Soviet states except for Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia The Soviet Union was not recognised by multiple Western states until 1933 and joined the League of Nations the following year.[475]
Autonomous Palatinate 1924 Speyer Germany A Palatine separatist state founded around the same time of the separatist fervor in the Rhineland by Franz Josef Heinz. The state was brought down by the Bavarian anti-separatist Viking League who assassinated Heinz and perpetrated multiple massacres against his supporters[476]
Catalonia Catalan Republic 1931 Barcelona Spain Established on April 14 during the events of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. Three days later, it became an autonomous government of Catalonia within Spain, the Generalitat.[477]
Asturias and León 1936–1937 Gijón Established during the Spanish Civil War.[478]
Free City of Asch 1938 Aš Czech Republic Established during the Sudeten German uprising[479]
Ukraine Carpatho-Ukraine 1939 Khust Ukraine Carpatho-Ukraine was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from 30 December 1938 to March 15, 1939. It declared itself an independent republic on March 15, 1939, but was occupied and annexed by Hungary between March 15 and March 18, 1939.[480]
Slovakia First Slovak Republic 1939–1945 Bratislava Slovakia Between 1939 and 1945, First Slovak Republic was a puppet state of Nazi Germany.[481]
Soviet Union Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1941, 1944–1990/91 Tallinn Estonia The three puppet states which, following the 1940 Soviet invasion of the three countries, were proclaimed in Soviet-occupied Baltic countries in July 1940 and annexed into the Soviet Union in August 1940. The Soviet annexation was not recognized by the majority of Western countries.[482]
Soviet Union Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Riga Latvia
Soviet Union Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Vilnius Lithuania
Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia 1940–1944 Galanchozh Russia Attempt at establishing an independent Ciscaucasian state from the Soviet Union with Nazi German support, led by Chechen insurgents Hasan Israilov and Mairbek Sheripov as well as Ingush insurgent Akhmed Khuchbarov.[483]
Ukraine Ukrainian State Board 1941 Lviv Ukraine Proclaimed restoration of Ukrainian statehood by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists after the occupation of Lviv by Nazi Germany which immediately suppressed it.[484]
Republic of Užice Užice Serbia Area briefly liberated by Yugoslav partisans after the Invasion of Yugoslavia; it was retaken by the German Army during the First anti-Partisan offensive.[485]
Lokot Autonomy 1941–1942 Lokot Russia Established as a Nazi client state during Operation Barbarossa[486]
Principality of the Pindus 1941–1943 ? Greece Second attempt at an Aromanian State[487]
Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia 1941–1944 Galanchozh Russia A provisional government established by Chechen ex-communist intellectual Hasan Israilov during the 1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya[488]
Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945 Zagreb Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Affiliated with the Third Reich.[489]
Zuyev Republic 1941–1947 Zaskarki Belarus An autonomous government in German-occupied Byelorussia during the Second World War. Located near Polotsk, the "republic" was composed primarily of villages inhabited by Old Believers. Its starosta was Mikhail Yevseyevich Zuyev, for whom it was named. A self-defence militia was organised, which 300 people (including women) joined. Approximately 100 people were permanent soldiers. Under the republic, private property was restored and Old Believer churches were reopened.

According to the description of an Abwehr officer who visited the republic, the area was heavily militarised; villages were surrounded by barbed wire, and manned bunkers stood at village entrances. The German garrison did not interfere in the government of Zuyev, and, in turn, the republic supplied German soldiers with necessities such as food, hay, and firewood. At this time, the Republic's population was roughly 3,000. The republic also had relations with the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists.

By 1943, the Soviet partisans were making major gains. Airplanes from the Red Army were delivering extensive aid. The Zuyev Republic, on the other hand, was receiving decreased amounts of resources from Germany, and in turn more was being demanded. It was necessary on several occasions for Zuyev to negotiate with the partisans. In 1944, the German garrison proposed that the republic be extended, and receive large shipments of military equipment, including artillery. Zuyev refused, by now certain that Soviet rule would return to Byelorussia, and fled westwards. The fate of the Zuyev Republic, save for its dissolution, is shrouded in mystery. According to some accounts, fighting continued until 1947.[490]

Ukraine Ukrainian Independent United State [uk] 1941–1949 Lviv? Ukraine and Poland Territories of Western Ukraine, controlled by Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the World War II.[491]
Bihać Republic 1942–1943 Bihać Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Area liberated by Yugoslav partisans before being recaptured by the German Army.[492]
Kolky Republic 1943 Kolky Ukraine A small parcel of land centred around the village of Kolky that was seized by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army from the German Occupation. It was soon brutally attacked on both sides by Nazi and Soviet forces that ended in the death of up to 500 villagers.[493]
Belarusian Central Rada 1943–1944 Minsk Belarus Puppet administrative body in German-occupied Belarus during World War II. It was established by Nazi Germany within Reichskommissariat Ostland in 1943–44, following requests by collaborationist Belarusian politicians hoping to create a Belarusian state with German support.[494]
Italy Italian Social Republic 1943–1945 Salò, Verona, Milan Italy German-dominated puppet state under Benito Mussolini, formed in the North of Italy after the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III signed an armistice with the Allies.[495]
Mountain Government 1944 Athens, Viniani Greece Established by the National Liberation Front and dominated by the Communist Party of Greece in opposition to both the fascist puppet regime and the exiled monarchy[496]
Free Republic of Vercors Vassieux-en-Vercors France On 3 July 1944, the Free Republic of Vercors was proclaimed, the first democratic territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The republic ceased to exist before the end of the month.[497]
Republic of Alto Monferrato Nizza Monferrato Italy Short lived partisan state existing from September to December 2, 1944. The state came to exist following the political union of two Italian resistance movements based in Nizza Monferrato and Costigliole d'Asti of the southern Montferrat region. Its main territory comprised the towns of Moasca, San Marzano Oliveto, Calamandrana, Mombercelli, Bruno, Bergamasco, and Castelnuovo Belbo.[498]
Republic of Bobbio Bobbio Short lived partisan state centered around the Italian city of Bobbio in Piacenza province. The republic extended for ~90 kilometers, from Val Trebbia to the Oltrepò Pavese.[499]
Republic of Carnia Ampezzo Shortlived Partisan state around Ampezzo[500]
Ossola Partisan Republic Ossola The Ossola Republic was a partisan republic that was established in northern Italy on September 10, 1944 and recaptured by the fascists on October 23, 1944. Unlike other partisan republics, the Ossola Republic was able, in little more than a month of existence, to cope not only with the contingencies imposed by the state of war, but also to give itself an articulate organization, with the establishment of the Provisional Government Council of Domodossola and the liberated zone (G.P.G.). During the albeit brief Forty Days of Freedom[501]
Second Republic of Pińczów Pińczów Poland Region in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship liberated by joint forces of Polish Resistance formations: Home Army, People's Army and Peasants' Battalions, during a period from July to August 1944.[502]
Red Republic of Caulonia 1945 Caulonia Italy Shortlived Socialist State[503]
Free Republic of Schwarzenberg ? Germany A term applied to portions of western Saxony that were briefly not occupied by the Allies after the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8, 1945. These districts of Saxony were thus self-governing for several weeks before occupation under the Soviet Union.

After the German surrender, the Saxony districts of Schwarzenberg, Stollberg, and Aue in the Ore Mountains were left unoccupied by Allies for unknown reasons. This led to anti-fascist groupsCategory:Articles needing more detailed references[specify] forming local governments in those towns and villages, ending with the area's occupation by Soviet troops on June 24, 1945.

There has been speculation as to why neither American nor Soviet troops immediately occupied the area. One explanation is the Soviets and Americans agreed to stop on the banks of the Mulde river. Since there are several rivers with this name, and the Schwarzenberg area lies between them, there may have been some misunderstanding over the agreed boundaries. Another possible explanation is that the Allies simply overlooked the area until the lack of occupation was noticed.[504]

East Germany 1949–1972 East Berlin Germany Both East and West Germany were established in 1949 and claimed to the exclusive mandate over all of Germany. The Hallstein Doctrine prevented states which recognised East Germany to establish diplomatic relationships with West Germany. The Ostpolitik and Basic Treaty, 1972 started mutual recognition and both were accepted as members of the United Nations in 1973 with the Resolution 335.[505]
West Germany Bonn Controlled West Berlin, a walled enclave within the city of Berlin.[506]
Republic of Sbarre Centrali 1970–1971 Reggio Calabria Italy During the Years of Lead, backlash following the decision to make Catanzaro the capital of Calabria led to a brief neo-fascist takeover of Reggio Calabria.[507]
Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration 1974–1975 North Nicosia Northern Cyprus de facto administration established by the Turkish Cypriots in present-day Northern Cyprus immediately after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974.[508]
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus 1975–1983 North Nicosia Succeeded by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus[509]
Gagauz Republic 1989–1995 Comrat Moldova The Gagauz people were in general uncomfortable with the potential unification between Moldova and Romania. Thus, the Gagauz Republic declared itself as separate from Moldova. It was later reintegrated into Moldova as an autonomous region in 1995.[510]
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 1990–1992 Tiraspol Transnistria Created In 1990 by pro-Soviet separatists who hoped to remain within the Soviet Union when it became clear that the MSSR would achieve independence from the USSR and possibly unite with Romania. The PMSSR was never recognised as a Soviet republic by the authorities in either Moscow or Chișinău. In 1991, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic succeeded the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.[511]
Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic later Republic of Tatarstan 1990–2002 Kazan Russia On August 30, 1990, Tatarstan declared its sovereignty with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1992 Tatarstan held a referendum on the new constitution. Some 62% of those who took part voted in favor of the constitution. In the 1992 Tatarstan Constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However, the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the Russian Constitutional Court. Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution as introduced in 2002 define Tatarstan as a part of the Russian Federation, removing the "sovereignty" term.[512]
Dubrovnik Republic 1991–1992 Dubrovnik, Cavtat Croatia Suppressed by Croatia.[513]
SAO Romanija Pale Bosnia and Herzegovina Self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous Oblast within today's Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was declared in the majority Serb municipalities during the prelude of the Bosnian War.[514]
Republic of Vevčani 1991–1993 Vevčani North Macedonia Originally declared in opposition to Yugoslav communist government water policies, now a symbolic micronation[515]
Republic of Serbian Krajina Republic of Serbian Krajina 1991–1995 Knin Croatia Suppressed by Croatia.[516]
Republic of Kosova 1991–1999 Pristina Kosovo After United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo became the republic of Kosovo[517]
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1991–2000 Grozny Russia De facto recognized only by Georgia and Afghanistan, resisted post-Soviet Russian expansion during the First and Second Chechen Wars[518]
Republic of Artsakh 1991–2023 Stepanakert Azerbaijan Declared independence in 1991 and de facto acquired it after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War of 1988–1994, backed by Armenia, but was unrecognized by the international community. Lost part of its territory in 2020 due to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and was ultimately taken over by Azerbaijan in a 2023 military offensive, with its government going into exile.[519]
Armenia 1991–2025 Yerevan Armenia Not recognised by Pakistan until 2025.[520]
Kurdistan Region Kurdish Republic of Laçin 1992 Lachin Azerbaijan Declared by Kurds in Azerbaijan during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War[521]
Tatarstan Republic of Tatarstan 1992–1994 Kazan Russia Now part of Russia[522]
Republika Srpska 1992–1995 Pale Bosnia and Herzegovina Transformed into an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, covering 50% of the land with 90%+ ethnic Serbs.[523]
Republic of Crimea ? Ukraine Rejoined Ukraine to become Autonomous Republic of Crimea[524]
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia 1992–1996 Mostar Bosnia and Herzegovina Suppressed by Bosnia and Herzegovina.[525]
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic 1993 Lankaran Azerbaijan Short-lived attempt at autonomy.[526]
Republic of Western Bosnia 1993–1995 Velika Kladuša Bosnia and Herzegovina The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, existed during the Bosnian War. Its leader was later convicted of war crimes.[527]
Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia 1995–1998 Vukovar Croatia The UN gives Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia to Croatia.[528]
Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan 1998–1999 Kadar Russia Declared Wahhabist State declared independence in 1998[529]
Tatarstan Tatarstan 2008 Kazan Declared in response to the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Russia.[530]
Autonomous Republic of Crimea Republic of Crimea 2014 Simferopol Ukraine As part of the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, on 17 March 2014 following the official announcement of the Crimean status referendum results, the Supreme Council of Crimea declared the formal independence of the Republic of Crimea, comprising the territories of both the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. Russia officially recognised the Republic of Crimea 'as a sovereign and independent state' by decree before approving the admission of Crimea and Sevastopol as federal subjects of Russia.[531]
Novorossiya ( Donetsk People's Republic/ Luhansk People's Republic) 2014–2015 Donetsk, Luhansk Due to non-resolution to the war in Donbas, although Minsk Protocol/Minsk II are in effect. Both states attempted to form an unrecognised Confederation-like union known as Novorossiya based on a historical Russian region of the same name. This project was suspended however in 2015, and reverted as allied rebellious separatist People's Republics from Ukraine as since, up until Russian invasion of Ukraine, where later that year, these were (illegally) annexed by Russian Federation.[532]
 Donetsk People's Republic 2014–2022 Donetsk The Donetsk People's Republic existed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, proclaimed on 7 April and designated as a terrorist organisation by Ukraine in May 2014. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.[533]
 Luhansk People's Republic Luhansk The Luhansk People's Republic, existed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, proclaimed on 27 April and designated as a terrorist organisation by Ukraine in May 2014. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.[534]
Republic of Stakhanov 2015 Kadiivka Anti-Minsk agreements quasi-state declared within the Luhansk People's Republic.[535]
Kherson State 2022 Kherson Ukraine On 28 September 2022, as part of the annexation of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by the Russian Federation and following the announcement of the annexation referendums results in Russian-occupied Ukraine, the Kherson Military-Civilian Administration declared Kherson Oblast an independent state.

On 29 September 2022, Russia officially recognised Kherson's state sovereignty and independence by presidential decree, one day before admitting Kherson Oblast as a federal subject of Russia.[536]

Zaporizhzhia State Melitopol On 28 September 2022, as part of the annexation of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by the Russian Federation and following the announcement of the annexation referendums results in Russian-occupied Ukraine, the Zaporizhzhia Military-Civilian Administration declared Zaporizhzhia Oblast an independent state.

On 29 September 2022, Russia officially recognised Zaporizhzhia's state sovereignty and independence by presidential decree, one day before admitting Zaporizhzhia Oblast as a federal subject of Russia.[537]

Goyce Zengezur Turkish Republic ? Azerbaijan The Goyce-Zengezur Turkish Republic was a short-lived, self-proclaimed state declared in 2022 in Southern Armenia region, aiming to establish Turkish governance.[538]

Oceania

Name Date Capital Now part of Notes
United Tribes of New Zealand 1835–1840 Waitangi New Zealand Independence declared by British Resident James Busby and northern Māori tribal leaders as an attempt to safeguard British claims against French territorial expansion. Led to a formal treaty (the Treaty of Waitangi) between Māori leaders and the British crown in 1840.[539]
Kingdom of Fiji 1852–1871 Levuka Fiji Created by Fijian chief Seru Cakobau, who styled himself the king of Fiji. His claim was not recognized by the other chiefs of Fiji, leading to almost 20 years of warfare until Cakobau finally succeeded in unifying the island.[540]
Kingdom of Easter Island 1868–1876 Anakena Chile Formed by French sailor Jean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier, who bought up much of the severely depopulated Easter Island, and declared his indigenous wife to be its Queen. The kingdom ceased to exist after Dutrou-Bornier's death, with a remaining population of only 111 people.[541]
Kingdom of Huahine 1888–1894 Huahine France A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. Queen Tehaapapa II acquiesced to French annexation, and like in Raiatea, an anti-French insurrection rose up to rally around a rebel government with the Queen's daughter, Teuhe, installed on the throne.[542]
Kingdom of Bora Bora 1888–1895 Nunue, Vaitape A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. Unlike in Raiatea and Huahine, Bora Bora remained officially neutral, but due to the war in the rest of the Leewards Islands, the French weren't able to take control over the kingdom until 1895.[543]
Kingdom of Raiatea–Tahaa 1888–1897 Uturoa A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. The King of Raiatea, Tamatoa VI, requested a French protectorate, but many of the lesser chiefs refused to comply with French authority and deposed Tamatoa. This led to a resistance government being set up with Queen Tuarii installed on the throne.[544]
Kingdom of Rapa Nui 1888–1914 Anakena Chile An independence movement in Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Due to a misunderstanding in the Chilean treaty of annexation, the islanders believed they retained their sovereignty. King Riro Kāinga attempted to negotiate the island's continued sovereignty with Chile, but died under mysterious circumstances. Several other Rapa Nuians declared themselves kings, such as Enrique Ika, Moisés Tuʻu Hereveri, and María Angata[545]
Independent Commune of Franceville 1889–1890 Franceville Vanuatu Its independence guaranteed by France, this community of Melanesian natives and European settlers experimented with universal suffrage until France and Britain intervened in the New Hebrides.[546]
Provisional Government of Hawaii 1893–1894 Honolulu United States[547] Under the 13-member Committee of Safety’s chairman Henry E. Cooper and former judge Sanford B. Dole, Hawaii’s monarchy was overthrown, with a temporary republic established in place with the aim of ultimately annexing the archipelago to the United States.[548]
Republic of Hawaii 1894–1898 Honolulu Essential continuation of the Provisional Government of Hawaii with the aim of ultimately merging the archipelago with the United States without regards for the Native Hawaiians.[549]
Sokeh 1910–1911 Sokehs Federated States of Micronesia Brief anti-colonial revolt by indigenous Micronesians against German rule on Sokehs Island.[550]
Republic of West Papua 1961–1962, 1971, 1988 Jayapura Indonesia Many West Papuans demanded a new referendum on the region's status because only around 1,000 of almost 1 million Papuans were consulted in the Act of Free Choice, when West Papua was absorbed into Indonesia. Both West Papuan insurgents and Indonesian military have committed acts of violence against civilians, including an incident in the late 1960s where Indonesian personnel forced 50 men to dig their own grave before killing them.[551]
State of Vemerana 1980 Luganville Vanuatu Lasted about 12 weeks. The rebels blockaded Santo-Pekoa International Airport, destroyed two bridges, and declared the independence of Espiritu Santo island as the "State of Vemerana".[552]
Republic of Rotuma 1987–1988 Ituʻtiʻu Fiji Shortly after the September 1987 Fijian coup a Rotuman man named Henry Gibson declared to the newspapers the declaration of independence of the island of Rotuma citing human rights violations by the military-backed regime and the lack of representation of the Rotuman people in Fijian politics. However a small contingent of soldiers arrested Gibson and his fellow protestors and the separatists were charged with sedition.[553]
Autonomous Region of Bougainville Bougainville Interim Government 1990–1998 Buka, Arawa Papua New Guinea Signed a peace deal with Papua New Guinea giving the island autonomy pending an independence referendum within a decade.[554]

Antarctica

Name Date Capital Now part of Notes
Yamato Yukihara 1912 N/A Ross Dependency An unrecognised Japanese Antarctic claim made by Imperial Japanese Army Lieutenant Nobu Shirase, spanning the entirety of the Ross Ice Shelf, but was not recognised by the Japanese government.[555]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ↑ "The Swellendam Republic accepts British rule". South African History Online. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  2. ↑ Wikisource One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Graaff Reinet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 306.Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource referenceCategory:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
  3. ↑ Fichter, James (December 2008). "The British Empire and the American Atlantic on Tristan da Cunha, 1811–16". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 36 (4): 567–589. doi:10.1080/03086530802560984. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159678218.
  4. ↑ Jeroen G. Zandberg. 2005. Rehoboth Griqua Atlas. ISBN 90-808768-2-8.
  5. ↑ "Appendix E - The Sand River Convention". A Century of Wrong. AngloBoerWar.com. Retrieved 18 October 2024. Convention signed 17 January 1852, by Commandant-General Andries Pretorius and others, on behalf of the new country, and Major William Samuel Hogge and Charles Mostyn Owen
  6. ↑ "Winburg, Orange Free State, South Africa".
  7. ↑ Sullivan, Jo. M. "Mississippi in Africa: Settlers Among the Kru," Liberian Studies Journal Vol. VIII, No. 2 (1978–1979).
  8. ↑ van den Bergh, G.N. (1989). "Potchefstroom se stigting: 1838 én 1839". New Contree. 26. doi:10.4102/nc.v26i0.671. hdl:10394/6382. Retrieved 18 October 2024. Potchefstroom had already been proclaimed in December 1838. This date can therefore be regarded as its official date of establishment. As in the case of other Voortrekker towns, occupation was thus preceded by proclamation.
  9. ↑ "Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
  10. ↑ Visagie, Jan C. Voortrekkerstamouers 1835 - 1845. Protea Boekhuis. Pretoria. 2011. Page 406 - 407.
  11. ↑ "The Revolutionary Summer of 1862". National Archives. April 20, 2018. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  12. ↑ Robson, Linda Gillian (2011). "Annexure A" (PDF). The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact (PhD thesis). University of Pretoria. pp. xlv–lii. hdl:2263/26503.
  13. ↑ The African Repository, Volume 14, p.42 Retrieved March 13, 2010
  14. ↑ M. Gough Palmer. "The Besieged Towns of the First Boer War, 1880-1881". Retrieved 15 December 2013. The Boers took up a position two miles off on the road to Middelburg on 3 January 1881 and commenced their attack on the 6th.
  15. ↑ "Zoutpansberg".
  16. ↑ Oliver, Roland; Atmore, Anthony (2005-02-07). Africa since 1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9781139443982.
  17. ↑ Kilpdrift Republic accessed 27 Jan 2014
  18. ↑ Hillebrecht, Werner (2012). "The National Archives of Namibia" (PDF). Namibia Library and Archives Service Information Bulletin (1). Government of Namibia: 4–6. ISSN 2026-707X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  19. ↑ Williams, Basil (1921), Cecil Rhodes, New York: Henry Holt & Company, pp. 71f
  20. ↑ Brownlie, I. & Burns, I. (1979) African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers: London. ISBN 0 9039 8387 7.
  21. ↑ Webster, Roger (2003), "The Boer Republics of Stellaland and Goshen", The Illustrated at the Fireside: True Southern African Stories, Claremont: Spearhead, p. 23, ISBN 0-86486-558-9
  22. ↑ Heichen, Paul, ed. (1885). "Afrika: Erforschungsgeschichte". Afrika Hand-Lexikon. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Gressner & Schramm. pp. 39ff.
  23. ↑ Chris Marais, Julienne Du Toit, A Drink of Dry Land (2006), p. 174
  24. ↑ "The New Republicans: A Centennial Reappraisal of the 'Nieuwe Republiek' (1884-1888)" (PDF).
  25. ↑ Knight, Ian (2005) [1st pub. 1989]. Queen Victoria's Enemies (2): Northern Africa (3rd ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-937-1.
  26. ↑ Patricks, Richard M. (July 2000). "Swazi History Olden Times to 1900". eswatininaturereserves.com. Eswatini National Trust Commission. Retrieved 28 March 2023.. Alternative url: Patricks, Richard M. (July 2000). "Swazi History Olden Times to 1900". eswatininaturereserves.com. Eswatini National Trust Commission. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  27. ↑ Jardine, Douglas (1923). The Mad Mullah Of Somaliland.
  28. ↑ Wessels, André: Afrikaner (Boer) Rebellion (Union of South Africa), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
  29. ↑ Roux, Arsène (2016) [1951]. "Quelques remarques sur la formation des noms de tribus chez les berbérophones du Maroc". In Ameur, Meftaha; Boumalk, Abdallah; Chaker, Salem (eds.). Un berbérisant de terrain: Arsène Roux (1893-1971) : écrits et inédits (in French). Institut royal de la culture amazighe. p. 108. ISBN 978-9954-28-214-4. aẓayyi, pl. iẓayyan, nom d'une tribu berbérophone du Maroc centralCategory:CS1 French-language sources (fr)
  30. ↑ O'Fahey, R. S.; Tubiana, Jérôme (2007). "Darfur. Historical and Contemporary Aspects" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-28. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  31. ↑ "Sanūsiyyah". Britannica.
  32. ↑ Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique. J. Perthes. 1867. pp. 827–829. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
  33. ↑ Day, Richard B.; Gaido, Daniel (2011-11-25). Discovering Imperialism: Social Democracy to World War I. BRILL. p. 549. ISBN 978-9004201569. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  34. ↑ Smidt, Wolbert. "Western Galla Confederation". Encyclopaedia Aethiopica.
  35. ↑ Briggs, Philip; Wildman, Kim (2009). "The South Coast". Tanzania: With Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 563.
  36. ↑ Crellin, Zac (4 August 2016). "The conspiracy of Katangese nationalism". Pambazuka. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  37. ↑ The Ibádites in Arabia and Africa: Part II. The Ibádites in North Africa and the Sudan to the Fourteenth Century, Journal of World History. Neuchâtel, etc. Vol. 13, Iss. 1, (Jan 1, 1971): 83. Lewicki, Tadeusz, https://www.proquest.com/docview/1298903297/fulltextPDF/B127054A7BA2430FPQ/1?accountid=13050&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals
  38. ↑ Doornbos, Martin (2017). The Rwenzururu Movement in Uganda: Struggling for Recognition. Routledge. ISBN 9781351708982. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  39. ↑ Speller, Ian (2007), "An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964.", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 35 (2): 1–35, doi:10.1080/03086530701337666, S2CID 159656717
  40. ↑ Votes and Proceedings of the Senate, Volume 12, Parliament of Rhodesia, 1970, page 2
  41. ↑ HistoryVille (2022-03-07). "Isaac Adaka Boro (1938-1968): Nigeria's First Secessionist – HistoryVille". Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  42. ↑ Orobator, S. E. (1987). "The Biafran Crisis and the Midwest". African Affairs. 86 (344): 367–383. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919. JSTOR 722748.
  43. ↑ Arnold, Matthew, et al. South Sudan : From Revolution to Independence. Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-19-025726-2.
  44. ↑ "The Republic of Biafra | AHA". www.historians.org. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  45. ↑ Cosma, Wilungula B.; Vellut, Jean-Luc (1997). Fizi, 1967-1986: le maquis Kabila (in French). Bruxelles : Paris: Institut africain CEDAF; Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-7384-5961-9.Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)
  46. ↑ Robert S. Kramer; Richard A. Lobban Jr.; Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Scarecrow Press.
  47. ↑ Chrétien, Jean-Pierre; Dupaquier, Jean-François (2007). Burundi 1972, au bord des génocides (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. ISBN 9782845868724.Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)
  48. ↑ "The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa". publishing.cdlib.org. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  49. ↑ "CABINDA :Sítio oficial do Governo da República de Cabinda no exílio e da F.L.E.C". www.cabinda.org. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  50. ↑ Hanneke H. Stuit (2013). "Ubuntu strategies in contemporary South African culture". pure.uva.nl. University of Amsterdam. p. 42. The so-called "homelands" or "Bantustans" (tuislande in Afrikaans) evolved from
  51. ↑ "INDEPENDENCE FOR BOPHUTATSWANA". Associated Press. January 2, 1978. Retrieved 29 December 2024 – via YouTube.
  52. ↑ "New Hope For A Settlement: Mrs. Thatcher finds a fresh approach for Zimbabwe-Rhodesia". Time. Vol. 114, no. 7. MasterFILE Complete. 13 August 1979. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  53. ↑ Lahiff, E. (2000) An Apartheid Oasis?: Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods in Venda, Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5137-0.
  54. ↑ Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (1993-07-22). "Egypt's Islamists and the State". MERIP. Retrieved 2025-09-22.
  55. ↑ "Information : Arrêté du gouvernorat de l'île autonome de Mohéli". La France en Union des Comores.
  56. ↑ (in French)Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr) Site Officiel du Gouvernorat de l'Île Autonome d'Anjouan (Official Site of the Governorate of the Autonomous Island of Anjouan).
  57. ↑ Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia, 11 Oct 2001, Document S/2001/963 United Nations Security Council
  58. ↑ "Range Resources: Speculative Buy at 25.5p – Target price 56p" (PDF). Range Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-20. Retrieved 19 April 2019. The Puntland State of Somalia has considered itself autonomous since 1998, with its own capital city of Garoowe and has designated regions with recognized regional capitals. The Putland authorities, headed by President Adde Muse Hersi, maintain a low profile and do not seek independence from the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia (Mogadishu being the capital). The autonomous State of Puntaland emerged after the fall of President Siyad Barre in 1991. In the south of Somalia, Islamic courts, warlords and regional tribes jostle for power and control whilst the State of Puntland experiences relative political stability with one dominant clan currently and historically controlling the region.The stability of Puntland is largely a product of its clan system that creates an established order based on family loyalty and cultural bonds and creates a more proactive and solution oriented politi-cal system.
  59. ↑ Shank, Michael (2007-06-01). "Understanding political Islam in Somalia". Contemporary Islam. 1 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1007/s11562-007-0001-3. ISSN 1872-0226.
  60. ↑ Rebels Declare 'Independence' Of Bakassi, by Azore Opio & Francis Tim Mbom
  61. ↑ Keenan, Jeremy (2008). "Uranium Goes Critical in Niger: Tuareg Rebellions threaten Sahelian Conflagration". Review of African Political Economy. 35 (117): 465. doi:10.1080/03056240802411107. hdl:10.1080/03056240802411107. ISSN 0305-6244. JSTOR 20406532. S2CID 154031995.
  62. ↑ Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. pp. 130–132. Retrieved 2026-02-09.
  63. ↑ "The Kenyan Military Intervention in Somalia". International Crisis Group. 2012-02-15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  64. ↑ "Mouvement National de Liberation de l'Azawad". Mouvement National de Liberation de l'Azawad. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  65. ↑ Abdullahi, Abdiqani (2025-07-31). "North East State of Somalia Adopts New Constitution in Historic Conference". Somali National News Agency. Retrieved 2026-04-25.
  66. ↑ Fouchard, Anthony; André, James (13 July 2016). "Centrafrique: à la rencontre des ex-rebelles putschistes". France 24 (in French).Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)
  67. ↑ David G. Sweet and Gary B. Nash: Struggle and Survival in Colonial America, University of California Press; New Edition (January 1982) ISBN 978-0-520-04501-9
  68. ↑ ÍNDIOS E JESUÍTAS NO GUAIRÁ: A Redução como Espaço de Reinterpretação Cultural (século XVII), acesso em 27 de julho de 2017.
  69. ↑ Woodard, Colin (2007). The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man who Brought Them Down. New York: Harcourt. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-15-603462-3.
  70. ↑ Samuel Cole Williams, William Tatham, Wataugan (Johnson City, Tenn.: The Watauga Press, 1947), pp. 11–28.
  71. ↑ Paterson, Thomas; Clifford, J. Garry; Maddock, Shane J. (January 1, 2014). American foreign relations: A history, to 1920. Vol. 1. Cengage Learning. p. 20. ISBN 978-1305172104.
  72. ↑ Van DeWater, Frederic F. (1974) [1941]. The Reluctant Republic, Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press. pp. 195, 218–219. ISBN 978-0-914378-02-0.
  73. ↑ Journals of the Continental Congress. Monday, July 24, 1786, p. 429.
  74. ↑ Congress of the Confederation (1786-12-18). Speech of the United Indian Nations at their Confederate Council. File Unit: Letters from Major General Henry Knox, Secretary at War, 4/1785 - 7/1788.
  75. ↑ Barksdale, Kevin T. (2008). The Lost State of Franklin: America's First Secession. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2521-3.
  76. ↑ Floyd, Christopher J. (September 25, 2014). "Trans-Oconee Republic". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  77. ↑ Salyer, Matthew C. (2020). Brokering Culture in Britain's Empire and the Historical Novel. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4985-6291-1.
  78. ↑ "Tecumseh's Confederation". Ohio History Central. Archived from the original on October 17, 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  79. ↑ KIPDF: Revolution and Restoration: The Revolution of Quito (Ecuador) Within the Independence Process of Latin America page 149
  80. ↑ Mellen, Joan (November 2012). Our Man in Haiti: George de Mohrenschildt and the CIA in the Nightmare Republic. p. 7. ISBN 9781936296538. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  81. ↑ Davis, William C. (2011). The Rogue Republic: How Would-Be Patriots Waged the Shortest Revolution in American History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780151009251.
  82. ↑ La Aurora de Chile, First Chilean Newspaper (1812) online. (in Spanish)Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)
  83. ↑ Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808–1821, 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1986. ISBN 0-393-09411-1
  84. ↑ Gibson, William Marion (1948). The Constitutions of Colombia. Durham: Duke University Press.
  85. ↑ "Historia de Cundinamarca". Gobernación de Cundinamarca. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  86. ↑ "Firma del Acta de la Declaración de Independencia de Venezuela - Wikisource". es.wikisource.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-09-04.Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
  87. ↑ Brooks, Bran MP. The Republic of East Florida: Culture, Faith, and Lore. Parker, Co: Outskirts Pr., 2017. 134 pp. ISBN 978-1-4787-8478-4.
  88. ↑ In Spanish: Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
  89. ↑ Constitution of Mariquita. Sanctioned on June 21, 1815 (in Spanish). Luis Ángel Arango Library. Retrieved December 30, 2015.Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
  90. ↑ Antonio Martins (2005-01-22). "Flag of the Federal League, a.k.a. Artiga's flag (Eastern Bank of La Plata: Uruguay and northeastern". pub. Retrieved 2008-04-08. The red, blue and white colours were used by Artigas to establish a clear difference between the flag of the Eastern Province. These three colours evoke the colours of the French Tricolor of French Revolution days. At the beginning of the 19th century, red and blue were the colours you could find when looking for cloth for the soldiers' uniforms, in these Spanish colonies. Materials came in two shades of blue. One, the lightest, was celestial or "heavenly" blue and had been chosen by Belgrano for the flag of the May 1810 Revolution. Four or five years later, not wanting his colors to be similar or confused with those of the Buenos Aires government, against whose dominance he would be soon fighting, Artigas chose to design his flag and other provinces which were with him in opposing of Unitarian domination, in colours not existing in the Argentine flag. The shade of blue he adopted therefore was navy blue. Jorge Cajarville, 16 Jun 1999
  91. ↑ Gene M. Burnett (1 October 2014). Florida's Past, Vol 2: People and Events That Shaped the State. Pineapple Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-1-56164-759-0.
  92. ↑ Leão, Reinaldo Carneiro. "Revolução Republicana em Pernambuco do 1817 Burguesia e Maçonaria Versus Aristocracia". Instituto Histórico Geográfico Brasileiro (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-03-09.Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)
  93. ↑ Scribd
  94. ↑ Davis, William C. (2006), Lone Star Rising, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 978-1-58544-532-5 originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
  95. ↑ Cisneros, Andrés; Escudé, Carlos (2000). "La posición de Santiago del Estero". Historia General de las Relacines de la Republica Argentina. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  96. ↑ Lynch, John (1992). Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-19-821135-X.
  97. ↑ El 9 de octubre y la importancia de Guayaquil en la consolidación de la independencia americana, Efrén Avilés Pino, Revista Pódium, 2006.
  98. ↑ Navarro, Dayana (10 November 2014). "El Primer Grito de Independencia" (in Spanish). Panama: La Estrella de Panamá. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
  99. ↑ San Martín, José; García del Río, Juan; Monteagudo, Bernardo; Unanue, Hipólito (1821-10-08). "Estatuto Provisional de 1821". Congress of Peru.
  100. ↑ "José Nuñez de Cáceres". Educando.edu.do (in Spanish). 23 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2011.Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
  101. ↑ "NGB - Fragata Piranga" (in Portuguese). naval.com.br.Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
  102. ↑ Paradis, Roger (1972). "John Baker and the Republic of Madawaska" (PDF). The Dalhousie Review. 52 (1): 78–95. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
  103. ↑ Audet, François Joseph (1906). La République d'Indian Stream. hdl:2027/hvd.32044105247910.
  104. ↑ Harris, Mark (2010). Rebellion on the Amazon: The Cabanagem, Race, and Popular Culture in the North of Brazil 1798–1840. Cambridge Latin American Studies. Vol. 95. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521437233.
  105. ↑ "Constitution of the Rio-Grandense Republic (dated 1843)". pampalivre.info. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  106. ↑ Lang, Andrew F. (July 2010). "Memory, the Texas Revolution, and Secession: The Birth of Confederate Nationalismin the Lone Star State". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 114 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1353/swh.0.0016. ISSN 1558-9560.
  107. ↑ Basadre Grohmann, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú [1822-1933]. Vol. 2. El Comercio. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  108. ↑ ARRUDA, ALVES DA SILVA, DE MOURA RAMOS, TURIN, José Jobson, Francisco, Ciro e Eva (2014). Objetivo (ed.). HISTÓRIA - História Integrada (in Portuguese). Vol. 4. São Paulo. p. 23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisherCategory:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listCategory:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
  109. ↑ "The Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837-38". Ontario Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 7 February 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  110. ↑ Boissery, Beverley (1995). A Deep Sense of Wrong: The Treason, Trials and Transportation to New South Wales of Lower Canadian Rebels After The 1838 Rebellion. The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. ISBN 1-55002-242-3.
  111. ↑ Woodward, Ralph (1993). Rafael Carrera and the emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871. University of Georgia Press.
  112. ↑ Sistema Nacional de Bibliotecas Públicas (14 December 2015). "Museu Histórico Anita Garibaldi" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 10 May 2021.Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
  113. ↑ Anonymous (January 11, 2014), The Republic of the Rio Grande, Webb County Heritage Foundation, archived from the original on May 12, 2014
  114. ↑ Constitución del Estado del Istmo -1841
  115. ↑ Minahan, James (1 January 2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313321115 – via Google Books.
  116. ↑ King, Irene Marschall (1967). John O. Meusebach. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292740198. OCLC 17360026.
  117. ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886), History of California, Vol V, San Francisco: History Publishing Company Also at History of California, VOL. V. 1846–1848
  118. ↑ Careaga Viliesid, Lorena. Chan Santa Cruz: Historia de unacomunidad cimarrona de Quintana Roo. Thesis in social anthropology. Mexico City: Universidad Iberoamericana1981.
  119. ↑ "The Great Republic of Rough and Ready, by Arthur Winfield Knight [secession, California, CA]". theava.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  120. ↑ Miles Harvey (2020), The King of Confidence: A Tale of Utopian Dreamers, Frontier Schemers, True Believers, False Prophets, and the Murder of an American Monarch, Little, Brown and Company.
  121. ↑ "El Convenio de Unión o Pacto de San José de Flores (noviembre de 1859)" (in Spanish). Universidad del CEMA.Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
  122. ↑ Olmeda García, María del Pilar (2010). Baja California. Historia de las instituciones jurídicas. Ciudad de México: Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas UNAM.
  123. ↑ Morritt, Robert (2011). Lost in the Antebellum. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p. 92. ISBN 9781443827416.
  124. ↑ "MAPA DE DESARROLLO HUMANO DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA" (PDF).
  125. ↑ Lee, J. Edward, and Ron Chepesiuk, eds. South Carolina in the Civil War: The Confederate Experience in Letters and Diaries (McFarland, 2004).
  126. ↑ "LA PRESIDENCIA EN LOS 9 ESTADOS SOBERANOS DE COLOMBIA". Credencial Historia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2026.Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
  127. ↑ Bengoa, José (2000). Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX (in Spanish) (Seventh ed.). LOM Ediciones. ISBN 956-282-232-X.Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
  128. ↑ Ballard, Michael B. The Civil War in Mississippi: Major Campaigns and Battles. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2011.
  129. ↑ Civil War and Reconstruction - Florida Department of State. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  130. ↑ "Ordinances Of Secession: Louisiana". gen.1starnet.com. 1999. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  131. ↑ "The Civil War in Alabama", Legends of America, Retrieved January 29, 2021
  132. ↑ Baum, Dale (1998). The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2245-7.
  133. ↑ "Why Is Callaway County Called the Kingdom of Callaway?". Archived from the original on 2007-07-23. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  134. ↑ "Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–65". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013.
  135. ↑ Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 4 (1969 ed.). Americana Corporation. 1969. ISBN 0-7172-0100-7.
  136. ↑ Irby, Jr., Richard E. "A Concise History of the Flags of the Confederate States of America and the Sovereign State of Georgia". About North Georgia. Golden Ink. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
  137. ↑ Rice, Otis K., Stephen W. Brown, West Virginia, A History, Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1993, pg. 140 ISBN 978-0-8131-1854-3
  138. ↑ Evan Andrews (January 13, 2015). "6 Southern Unionist Strongholds During the Civil War". History Channel. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  139. ↑ "Manitoba Pageant: The Republic of Manitobah". www.mhs.mb.ca. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  140. ↑ De Moscoso, Francisco (2003). La Revolución Puertorriqueña de 1868: El Grito de Lares. San Juan: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. Pg.65
  141. ↑ Hall, Norma; Hall, Clifford P; Verrier, Erin. "A History of the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia / le Conseil du Gouvernement Provisoire" (PDF). Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 2024-03-10. Discussions about the propriety of these actions and the need for settlement-wide self-government took place with residents of other parishes through November of 1869, particularly at the Convention of Twenty-four that began 16 November. By 8 December inhabitants of the French Parishes had organized, instituted, and proclaimed a provisional government under President John Bruce. Individuals from English parishes had been involved in supporting this development at various stages and to varying degrees — notably James Ross of St. John's, Thomas Bunn from St. Clement's, and Andrew G.B. Bannatyne of the Town of Winnipeg.
  142. ↑ Mulvany, Charles Pelham (1886). The History of the North-west Rebellion of 1885. Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co. Riel's council bore the strange name of Exovedate, but it was understood to be, and often called by all participants, a provisional government. Riel's followers not only formed a government, they took hostages, demanded to negotiate with Canada, and fought pitched battles with the police and militia.
  143. ↑ Denis Lamaison. "The Republic of Counani: The man who would be king". Guianas Geographic. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  144. ↑ Arruda, Larissa Rodrigues Vacari de (2013). Disputas oligárquicas: as práticas políticas das elites mato-grossenses 1892-1906 (Dissertação). São Carlos: UFSCar. Consultado em 23 de abril de 2021
  145. ↑ "To Be Prince of Trinidad: He Is Baron Harden-Hickey," New York Tribune, Nov 5, 1893, p 1
  146. 1 2 Frederica Barclay Rey de Castro, El Estado Federal de Loreto, 1896. Centralismo, descentralización y federalismo en el Perú, a fines del siglo XIX. ISBN 978-9972-623-61-5.
  147. ↑ Santos, Flávio Mateus dos. Manhuaçu: Um país dentro do Estado de Minas Gerais (PDF). Universidade Severino Sombra de Vassouras. Rio de Janeiro: [s.n.] Consultado em 21 de setembro de 2009
  148. ↑ Weinstein, Barbara (1983). The Amazon Rubber Boom, 1850–1920. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-8047-1168-2.
  149. ↑ Diacon, Todd A. (1991). Millenarian vision, capitalist reality: Brazil's Contestado rebellion, 1912–1916. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-8223-1157-7.
  150. ↑ Siegel, Bernard J. (Jul 1, 1977). "The Contestado Rebellion, 1912–16: A Case Study in Brazilian Messianism and Regional Dynamics". Journal of Anthropological Research. 33 (2): 205. doi:10.1086/jar.33.2.3629739. JSTOR 3629739.
  151. ↑ Loy, Jane M. (1978). "Rebellion in the Colombian Llanos: The Arauca Affair of 1917". The Americas. 34 (4): 502–531. doi:10.2307/981163. JSTOR 981163.
  152. ↑ Grieb, Kenneth J. (October 1967). "The United States and the Central American Federation". The Americas. 24 (2). Cambridge University Press: 107–121. doi:10.2307/980421. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 980421. OCLC 8272818821.
  153. ↑ "La rebelión guna de 1925 y su impacto en la política panameña".
  154. ↑ "Escaramuças políticas e econômicas culminaram com a Revolta de Princesa". A União - Jornal, Editora e Gráfica (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2026-04-25.Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)
  155. ↑ Nickson, R. Andrew (1993). Historical dictionary of Paraguay. Internet Archive. Metuchen, N.J. : Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-2643-4.
  156. ↑ Drake, Paul W. (1978). Socialism and populism in Chile, 1932-52. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-00657-7. OCLC 3433336.
  157. ↑ Campestrini, Hildebrando; Guimarães, Acyr V. (2002). História de Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande: IHGB. 287 páginas
  158. ↑ "São Paulo State (Brazil)". fotw.info. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  159. ↑ Chirio, Maud (15 March 2012). The Politics in the Barracks: Revolts and Protests by Officers in the Brazilian Military Dictatorship. Editora Schwarcz - Companhia das Letras. ISBN 9788537808306.
  160. ↑ ESPÍRITO SANTO (estado). Assembleia Legislativa. Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito, nº 71/53. 16 de abril de 1953.
  161. ↑ Dennis M. Rempe (Winter 1995). "Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959-1965". Small Wars and Insurgencies. 6 (3): 304–327. doi:10.1080/09592319508423115. Archived from the original on 2010-03-30. Retrieved Aug 13, 2010.
  162. ↑ Missouri Senate Resolution Number 51; McDonald Territory Secession Attempt website page; retrieved May 2016; text: "...Study of the feasibility of taking the necessary steps to form a fifty-first state of the Union, to be composed of that territory now within the boundaries of McDonald County, Missouri; Benton County, Arkansas; and Delaware County, Oklahoma..."
  163. ↑ Abbott, George C. (1971). "Political Disintegration: The Lessons of Anguilla". Government and Opposition. 6 (1): 58–74. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1971.tb00812.x. ISSN 0017-257X. S2CID 144431370.
  164. ↑ , La insurrección de Rupununi.
  165. ↑ Short-Lived Republic of Airrecu Stirs NicaraguaCosta Rica Tensions
  166. ↑ Moisés, Subcomandante Insurgente (17 August 2019). "Communique from the EZLN's CCRI-CG And, We Broke the Siege". Enlace Zapatista. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  167. ↑ Diana Denham and the C.A.S.A. Collective (ed.). Teaching Rebellion: Stories from the Grassroots Mobilization in Oaxaca.
  168. ↑ Bingling, Yuan. "Chapter 3: REINSTATEMENT OF THE DUTCH AUTHORITY".
  169. ↑ Schaank, S.H. (1893). De Kongsis van Montrado. Batavia. pp. 32, 36. OCLC 246096928.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher
  170. ↑ Enthoven, J. J. K. (1889). Bijdragen tot Borneo's Westerafdeeling. pp. 2138–2141.
  171. ↑ Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Hong Kong University Press. p. 258 (the main index entry for "Ma family warlords"). ISBN 962-209-468-6.
  172. ↑ Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (September 23, 1899), "Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, Authorama: Public Domain Books, retrieved September 23, 2008{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)Category:CS1 maint: publisher location
  173. ↑ Elliott, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy (PDF).
  174. ↑ Zaide, Gregorio F. (1970). Philippine Constitutional History and Constitutions of Modern Nations: With Full Texts of the Constitutions of the Philippines and Other Modern Nations. Modern Book Co. p. 34.
  175. ↑ Wolters, W.G. (2004). "Philippine War of Independence". In Ooi, Keat Gin (ed.). Southeast Asia: A historical encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor. Vol. II. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-770-5. Archived from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  176. ↑ "History of The Republic of Zamboanga (May 1899 – March 1903)". Zamboanga City, Philippines: Zamboanga.com. July 18, 2009. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
  177. ↑ Hosea Ballou Morse. The International Relations of the Chinese Empire. Vol. 3. 1918
  178. ↑ Rong, Yuan. "洪秀全后裔今何在" [Where are the descendants of Hong Xiuquan]. Zhoumo News. Archived from the original on 2014-05-06.
  179. ↑ Chen Zuwu (陈祖武), Yin Chanheng. Institute of Modern History, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2000). The Biographies of Republic People, Vol.10 (民国人物传 第10卷). Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-02114-X
  180. ↑ Robertson, P. (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781608197385. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
  181. ↑ Thomas E. Ewing, Revolution on the Chinese Frontier: Outer Mongolia in 1911, Journal of Asian History (Wiesbaden), v. 12, pp. 101–119 (1978).
  182. ↑ Hao Bingrang, Fengxi junshi, 34–5.
  183. ↑ Gillin, Donald G. (1967). Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911–1949. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-06-91650-13-5.
  184. ↑ Wood, Frances (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 224. ISBN 9780520243408.
  185. ↑ Goldstein, Melvyn C., A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951, University of California Press, 1989, pp812-813, saying: "After a lengthy discussion...the assembly recommended to the Dalai Lama that the agreement be approved. On 24 October, the Dalai Lama sent an official confirmation to Mao Tse-tung."
  186. ↑ "RossTuva | ТЫВА Tuva". hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
  187. ↑ "共和與君主論 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-02-07.Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
  188. 1 2 Lewis, Bernard (1993). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. p. 142.
  189. ↑ Chan, Anthony (2010). Arming the Chinese: The Western Armaments Trade in Warlord China, 1920-28, Second Edition. University of British Columbia Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780774819923.
  190. ↑ Boxberger, Linda (1 February 2012). On the Edge of Empire: Hadhramawt, Emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s–1930s. SUNY Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780791489352.
  191. ↑ Esherick, Joseph W. and Rankin, Mary Backus. Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, University of California Press, 2018. ISBN 0-520-06763-0.
  192. ↑ Chong-Sik Lee (1983). Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922-1945. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-04375-6.
  193. ↑ Матай, Нұра (30 March 2017). "1918 жылы шыққан «Абай» журналының №12 саны табылды" [1918-published 12th "Abay" Journal found] (in Kazakh). Retrieved 2024-09-12.Category:CS1 Kazakh-language sources (kk)
  194. ↑ "22 січня – День Соборності України". Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  195. ↑ Бабаков В. В., Бурнацком - Бурнардума: первый опыт национально-государственного строительства в Бурятии, Улан-Удэ, 1997 г.
  196. ↑ 张创新 (9 December 2023). Zhōngguó zhèngzhì zhìdù shǐ 中国政治制度史 [History of Chinese Political System] (in Chinese). 清华大学出版社有限公司. ISBN 9787302101468. Archived from the original on 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2019-01-06 – via Google Books.Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
  197. ↑ Jonathan D. Smele (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 476. ISBN 9781442252813.
  198. ↑ "Захват Якутска отрядом А. С. Рыдзинского 30 июня 1918 года". Национальный архив республики Саха (Якутия). Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  199. ↑ "www.webcitation.org". www.webcitation.org. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
  200. ↑ "Flags and banners of non-Bolshevik state formations in the East of Russia (1918-1925) according to memoirs and historiography". Kolchakia. Archived from the original on 2024-04-18.Category:All articles with self-published sourcesCategory:Articles with self-published sources from September 2024[self-published source]
  201. ↑ Сушко, А. В. [Sushko, Valentina] (June 2009). Сибирский национализм и борьба за власть в крае (март 1917 — ноябрь 1918 г.) [Siberian nationalism and the struggle for power in the region (March 1917 – November 1918)] (PDF). Вестник Томского государственного университета [ Tomsk State University Bulletin] (in Russian). 323: 174–179. ISSN 1561-7793.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listCategory:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
  202. ↑ Alexander Petrov. On the Issue of Legal Support for the Organization and Activities of the Police of the Interim Government and the Police of the "White" Governments of the Urals and Siberia – South Ural State University
  203. ↑ Chamberlin, William (1935). The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921, Volume Two. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 14–15.
  204. ↑ "漳州现99年前民国粤军地契 见证一段历史" [A 99-year-old land deed of the Republic of China's Guangdong army is found in Zhangzhou, witnessing a piece of history] (in Simplified Chinese). Taihainet. 2019-02-27. Archived from the original on 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2023-06-26. 1918年6月，陈炯明与李厚基达成划界停战协议，在粤军所占区域建立"福建护法区"（后称"闽南护法区"），首府设于漳州。 [In June 1918, Chen Jiongming and Li Houji reached a boundary ceasefire agreement, establishing the "Constitution Protection Region of Fujian" (later known as the "Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian") in the area occupied by the Guangdong Army, with its capital in Zhangzhou.]Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)
  205. ↑ "№104. Акт об образовании всероссийской верховной власти, принятый на государственном совещании, имевшем место в городе Уфе с 8 по 23 сентября 1918 г. // Документы". www.scepsis.ru. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  206. ↑ Росія. Історична місцева символік Archived 2014-07-01 at the Wayback MachineCategory:Webarchive template wayback links на сайті «Enciclopædia Heraldica»
  207. ↑ Znamenski, Andrei (2005). "Power of Myth: Popular ethnonationalism and Nationality Building in Mountain Altai, 1904–1922" (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 22: 44–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-02.
  208. ↑ “Кыргызстан” улуттук энциклопедиясы: 5-том. Башкы редактору Асанов Ү. А. К 97. Б.: Мамлекеттик тил жана энциклопедия борбору, 2014. илл. ISBN 978 9967-14-111 -7
  209. ↑ Karol Sorby, Ml (2020). "The Short Lived Existence Of The Arab Kingdom In Syria". Almanach (Actual Issues in World Economics and Politics). 15 (4): 61–80.
  210. ↑ Войны ХХ века и их жертвы /тысяч человек/ (Russian)
  211. ↑ Gao, James Z. (2009-06-16). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6308-8.
  212. ↑ Smele, Jonathan D. (November 19, 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 713–714. ISBN 978-1-4422-5281-3.
  213. ↑ 1920-08-11 - Chronicling America - De-facto recognition of the Government of South RussiaCategory:All articles with dead external linksCategory:Articles with dead external links from January 2020Category:Articles with permanently dead external links[permanent dead link] at the Library of Congress.
  214. 1 2 Ivan Sablin: Governing Post-Imperial Siberia and Mongolia, 1911–1924: Buddhism, Socialism, and Nationalism in State and Autonomy Building, London/New York (NY) 2016, p. 137.
  215. ↑ Kuhn, Anthony John (15 April 2011). "Broken Promises:The French Expulsion of Emir Feisal and the Failed Struggle for Syrian Independence". Carnegie Mellon University/H&SS Senior Honors Thesis: 60. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  216. ↑ Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Scarecrow Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8108-3550-4.
  217. ↑ Ervand Abrahamian (2008) «A history of modern Iran» Cambridge University Press, Page 59-61
  218. ↑ Dukhan, Haian (7 December 2018). State and Tribes in Syria: Informal Alliances and Conflict Patterns. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9781351025409. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  219. ↑ "The Far Eastern Republic," Russian Information and Review, vol. 1, no. 10 (Feb. 15, 1922), pp. 232–233.
  220. ↑ Khorezm People's Soviet Republic: Big Soviet Encyclopedia on-line edition. (in Russian)Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)
  221. ↑ (in Russian)Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) B. A. Antonenko (ed.): History of the Tajik People: The Transition to Socialism (1917–1937), Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR, Nauka Publ. House, Moscow 1964.
  222. ↑ Alekna, John (2024). Seeking News, Making China: Information, Technology, and the Emergence of Mass Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-3667-5.
  223. ↑ An Experiment in Revolutionary Nationalism: The Rebellion of Colonel Muhammad Taqi Khan Pasyan in Mashhad, April–October 1921, Stephanie Cronin, Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.33, No. 4 October 1997, pp. 693–750.
  224. ↑ Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Kingdom of Kurdistan. Infobase. ISBN 9781438126760. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  225. ↑ Dallin, David J. Soviet Russia and the Far East, Yale University Press, 1948, p. 87
  226. ↑ Kotkin, Stephen; Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.), Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan, p139
  227. ↑ Pesterev, V.I. (1993), Исторические миниатюры о Якутии [Historical miniatures about Yakutia] (in Russian), Yakutsk{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisherCategory:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
  228. ↑ avoid any further battles: Actually, the Directive arrived in the Nanchang Mutineers' camp in late September just prior to the battle, sent (or possibly delivered) from Hong Kong by Zhang Tailei. The troops available for stationing in the new Soviet were thus much less than the Comintern planned. (Lescot, Patrick, Empire Rouge, Belfond (Paris: 1999), p. 95.)
  229. ↑ Yuqi, Chen (2007). "谁扼杀了上海的巴黎公社" [Who killed Shanghai's Paris Commune?]. 论陈独秀 [On Chen Duxiu] (in Chinese). China: Association for the Promotion of Marxist Studies.Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
  230. ↑ Christopher Houston, Kurdistan: crafting of national selves, Indiana University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-253-22050-5, p. 52.
  231. ↑ Zheng, Qidong, et al. Brief History of Inflation in China. Paths International Ltd., 2013. p. 45
  232. ↑ Muḥammad, Fayz; McChesney, R. D. (1999). Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 236. ISBN 9781558761544.
  233. 1 2 Behr, Edward (1987). The Last Emperor. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-34474-9. OCLC 489010018.
  234. ↑ Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past - 2002 - Page 207 "This larger revolution was manifested in the Nghệ Tĩnh Soviets of 1930–1931 and in the mass literacy campaigns of the 1930s which, in an unprecedented way, drew together rural and urban Vietnamese."
  235. ↑ "Marking 70th Anniversary of Victory of Red Army's Long March". Archived from the original on 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  236. ↑ Waller, Derek J. (1973). The Kiangsi Soviet Republic: Mao and the National Congresses of 1931 and 1934. Center for Chinese Studies, University of California. OL 5025961M.
  237. ↑ Lattimore, Owen (December 1937). "The Phantom of Mengkukuo". Pacific Affairs. 10 (4): 420–27. doi:10.2307/2750626. JSTOR 2750626.
  238. ↑ James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978" in Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland (ISBN 0-7656-1318-2).
  239. ↑ Frederick S. Litten. "The CCP and the Fujian Rebellion." Republican China, vol. XIV, number 1, November 1988, pp. 57–74. Accessed 20 February 2007.
  240. 1 2 Wangyal, Phuntsok (2007-02-06). "回忆扎喜旺徐同志 [Recalling Comrade Zhaxiwang Xu]". Gangbangja Middle Way. Archived from the original on 2007-11-04.
  241. ↑ Henriot, Christian; Yeh, Wen-hsin, eds. (2004). In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai under Japanese Occupation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82221-1.
  242. ↑ Sökmen, Tayfur: Hatay'ın Kurtuluşu İçin Harcanan ÇabalarCategory:Articles containing Turkish-language text, Ankara 1992, ISBN 975-16-0499-0.
  243. ↑ Total War: Causes and courses of the Second World War, by Peter Calvocoressi and Guy Wint, Penguin Books, 1972 (1st edition) ISBN 0-14-021422-4, The War in Asia, chapter 9, pp. 683–685.
  244. ↑ Vellut, J. L. (March 1964). "Foreign Relations of the Second Republic of the Philippines, 1943–1945". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 5 (1): 128. doi:10.1017/S0217781100002246. JSTOR 20067478.
  245. ↑ Maw, Ba (1968). Breakthrough in Burma: Memoirs of a Revolution, 1939-1946. Yale University Press. pp. 280, 320. ISBN 0835773957. Retrieved 2025-09-25.
  246. ↑ Toye, Hugh (2009). The Springing Tiger: A Study of the Indian National Army and of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-8424-392-5.
  247. ↑ Ammentorp, Steen (2000–2009). "The Generals of WWII Generals from China Ma Chengxiang". Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  248. ↑ "A short history of Laos" (PDF).
  249. ↑ "Cochinchina returned to Vietnamese rule". End of Empire. NIAS Press. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
  250. ↑ Geoffrey C. Gunn, Monarchical Manipulation in Cambodia: France, Japan, and the Sihanouk Crusade for Independence, Copenhagen: Nordic Institute for Asian Studies, 2018, Part V
  251. ↑ History of the interim government of the Inner Mongolian People's Republic Archived 13 May 2019 at the Wayback MachineCategory:Webarchive template wayback links (in Chinese)Category:Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh)
  252. ↑ "A hundred year war - Ngo Van Xuyet | libcom.org". libcom.org.
  253. ↑ "1945: The Saigon commune | libcom.org". libcom.org.
  254. ↑ visit-laos.com Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback MachineCategory:Webarchive template wayback links
  255. ↑ Frederik Coene (2009), The Caucasus - An Introduction, Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series, Routledge, p. 136, ISBN 9781135203023, As a result, the People's Republic of Azerbaijan and the Kurdish People's Republic (the Republic of Mahabad), two short-lived Soviet puppet states, were set up late in 1945...
  256. ↑ Sino, NK. "PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF JEJU ISLAND, 1945-1946" (PDF).
  257. ↑ Bidien, C. (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". Far Eastern Survey. 14 (24): 345–348. doi:10.2307/3023219. JSTOR 3023219.
  258. ↑ Nerwiy, Hawar Khalil Taher (2012). The Republic of Kurdistan, 1946 (PDF) (Thesis). University of Leiden. p. 13. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  259. ↑ Harrison, Selig S. (1981), In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, p. 24, ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1, Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration [of independence], touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat... But it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened... Moreover, the Pakistani version of the accession debate is discredited by a study of the discussion of the Kalat Assembly on the accession issue and by interviews with a variety of Baluch leaders that confirm the authenticity of the official assembly proceedings.
  260. ↑ "Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949". www.satp.org. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
  261. ↑ Kasputra, Danil (2023-03-09). "Selayang Pandang Eksistensi Negara Pasundan Bikinan Belanda". Romansa Bandung (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-09-15.Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)
  262. ↑ "UNPO: South Moluccas". unpo.org. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  263. ↑ "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day". Jagranjosh.com. 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  264. ↑ M.C. Ricklefs, A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200, p. 299.
  265. ↑ Maloney, C (9 April 1947). "The Maldives: New Stresses in an Old Nation". Far Eastern Survey. 16 (7): 654–671. doi:10.2307/2643164. JSTOR 2643164.
  266. ↑ Kuipers, Ludo. "'Republic of Timor', 1961 – Flag – Timor-Leste". Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
  267. ↑ Written by BBT Champaka.info (8 September 2013). "Tiểu sử Ts. Po Dharma, tác giả Lịch Sử 33 Năm Cuối Cùng Champa". Champaka.info. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014.Category:CS1: unfit URL
  268. ↑ Message of Greetings to Revolutionary Rebel Organizations in Shanghai From the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the State Council, the Military Commission of the Party's Central Committee and the Cultural Revolution Group Under the Party's Central Committee at Marxists Internet Archive
  269. ↑ "Mintoff shows off his 'non-aligned manhood' and threatens to break relations with Israel". archive.maltatoday.com.mt. 18 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  270. ↑ Reich, Bernard; Goldberg, David H. (2008-04-25). Historical Dictionary of Israel. Scarecrow Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8108-6403-0.
  271. ↑ El Khazen, Farid (1999). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. London / New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 198, 268.269. ISBN 978-1860643200.
  272. ↑ Viorst, Milton (1983-10-02). "A Solution: The 4 Nations of Lebanon". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  273. ↑ "The Government of Free Lebanon in Exile". Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
  274. ↑ Christine Noelle-Karimi; Conrad Schetter; Reinhard Schlagintweit (2001). Afghanistan: A Country Without a State? (Schriftenreihe Der Mediothek Fur Afghanistan, Bd. 2). IKO. ISBN 978-3889396280.
  275. ↑ Kingston, Paul; Spears, Ian S., eds. (2004). "Rebuilding A House of Many Mansions: The Rise and Fall of Militia Cantons in Lebanon". States-Within-States. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 87. doi:10.1057/9781403981011. ISBN 978-1-349-52777-9.
  276. ↑ Epkenhans, Tim (2016). The Origins of the Civil War in Tajikistan : Nationalism, Islamism and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Space. Lanham. pp. xi. ISBN 978-1-4985-3279-2. OCLC 962325943.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher
  277. ↑ Dresch, Paul (2000). A History of Yemen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
  278. ↑ United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. Daily report: East Asia. Index, Volume 16, Part 2. NewsBank. 1996. p. 456.
  279. ↑ "The Islamist Threat from Iraqi Kurdistan | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  280. ↑ "The 2015 Insurgency in the North (2): Badakhshan's Jurm district under siege". 14 September 2015.
  281. ↑ Nordland, Rod; Rubin, Alissa J. (2013-06-24). "Taliban Flag Is Gone in Qatar, but Talks Remain in Doubt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  282. ↑ "Explainer: Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  283. ↑ Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study, Joshua L. Gleis, Benedetta Berti, 2012, pp. 115-116, ISBN 9781421406145
  284. ↑ "Bangsamoro Constitution: Road map to Independence and National self-determination". MNLF official website. August 23, 2013. Archived from the original on September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  285. ↑ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "The Administration of the Local Council in Azaz". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Retrieved 2025-11-26.
  286. ↑ "Could an ISIS caliphate ever govern the Muslim world?". ABC News. 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2026-04-11.
  287. ↑ "Al-Qaeda frees 300 prisoners in Yemen jail break". Telegraph.co.uk. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  288. ↑ "Treaty on boundaries between Spain and Portugal from the mouth of the Minho river to the junction of the Rio Caya with the Guadiana". United Nations. September 29, 1864. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  289. ↑ Gallus Anonymus. Kronika polska, book 1. Wrocław. Biblioteka Źródeł Historii Polski. 1982. ISBN 978-3-939991-46-5.
  290. ↑ Wickham, Chris (2015). Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900-1150 (Oxford Studies in Medieval European History) (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0199684960.
  291. ↑ "Poljički statut", Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian), Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 1999–2009Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)
  292. ↑ Guida Italia: Abruzzo Molise (4th ed.). Milan, Italy: Touring Club Italiano. 1979 [1926]. ISBN 9788836500178.
  293. ↑ Władysław Biały. Ostatni Książę Kujawski by Józef Śliwiński. p. 30.
  294. ↑ Williams, Glanmor (2005). Owain Glyndŵr. Cardiff: University of Wales. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7083-1941-3. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  295. ↑ "Chiesa". digilander.libero.it.
  296. ↑ Ady, Cecilia M; Armstrong, Edward (1907). A History of Milan under the Sforza. Methuen & Co. pp. 36–37. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  297. ↑ Budak, Neven (2002). "Habsburzi i Hrvati – Cetingradski izbor" [Habsburgs and the Croats – Cetingrad election]. Kolo (3). Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  298. ↑ Robert John Weston Evans, T. V. Thomas. Crown, Church and Estates: Central European politics in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Macmillan, 1991, pp. 80–81
  299. ↑ Hull, Eleanor. "The Desmond Rebellion", A History of Ireland, 1931
  300. ↑ Madariaga, Isabel de (25 September 2006). Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11973-2.
  301. ↑ Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British 1580–1650, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001.Category:Pages with missing ISBNs[ISBN missing]
  302. ↑ Upton, Anthony F. (1998). Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-521-57390-4. LCCN 97025197.
  303. ↑ Farrell, Gerard (2017-10-10). The 'Mere Irish' and the Colonisation of Ulster, 1570-1641. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-59363-0.
  304. ↑ Kohut, Zenon E. (1989). "Hapsburg Absolutism and the Bohemian Estates". In Gawdiak, Ihor (ed.). Czechoslovakia: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 15–19. OCLC 45379492. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.Category:Source attribution{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)Category:CS1 maint: postscript
  305. ↑ Gelderen, Martin van; Skinner, Quentin (2002). Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage. Cambridge University Press. p. 284. ISBN 9781139439619
  306. ↑ Kontljarchuk, Andrej (2006). In the Shadows of Poland and Russia: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European Crisis of the mid-17th Century. JSTOR. ISBN 9189315634.
  307. ↑ Т.Г. Таирова-Яковлева Иван Выговский // Единорогъ. Материалы по военной истории Восточной Европы эпохи Средних веков и Раннего Нового времени, вып.1, М., 2009: Under the influence of the Polish society and the strong dictatorship of the Vatican, the Diet in May 1659 adopted the Treaty of Hadiach in more than a truncated form. The idea of the Principality of Ruthenia was even destroyed, as was the provision for maintaining the alliance with Moscow. The abolition of the union was canceled, as was a number of other positive articles.
  308. ↑ Regarding personal names: FreiherrCategory:Articles containing German-language text was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Baron. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von MoltkeCategory:Articles containing German-language text). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (vonCategory:Articles containing German-language text, zuCategory:Articles containing German-language text, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von MoltkeCategory:Articles containing German-language text). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms are FreifrauCategory:Articles containing German-language text and FreiinCategory:Articles containing German-language text.
  309. ↑ Thrasher, Peter Adam (1970). Pasquale Paoli: An Enlightened Hero 1725–1807. Hamden, CT: Archon Books. p. 117. ISBN 0-208-01031-9.
  310. ↑ Harsin, Paul (1955). La Révolution liégeoise de 1789. Brussels: Notre Passé. pp. 157–200. OCLC 560799527.
  311. ↑ François Furet and Mona Ozouf, eds A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989), p. 519
  312. ↑ Schemmel, B. "Index Ng-Nz". rulers.org. Archived from the original on 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  313. ↑ Kubben, Raymond (17 January 2011). Regeneration and Hegemony Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era, 1795-1803. Brill. pp. 129, 141. ISBN 9789004189515. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  314. ↑ Evans, Ellen (1999). The Cross and the Ballot Catholic Political Parties in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands, 1785-1985. Humanities Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780391040953. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  315. ↑ Historical database of Lombard laws (in Italian)Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it)
  316. ↑ Dippel, Horst (2010). Constitutions of the world from the late 18th century to the middle of 19th century (in Italian). De Gruyter, Göttingen. p. 17. ISBN 9783598357343. Retrieved July 25, 2017.Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
  317. ↑ Alison, Archibald (2010), "Concluding Reflections", History of Europe during the French Revolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1006–1097, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511792380.007, ISBN 9780511792380
  318. ↑ Journal de Bruxelles 90, page 718 and 719, 'De Gênes, le 16 Frimaire (7 décembre 1799)'
  319. ↑ Cahoon, Ben. "Tiberina Republic". worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  320. ↑ Aston, Nigel (2002). Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1830. Cambridge university Press. ISBN 9780521465922.
  321. ↑ "List of historical unrecognized states" in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.Category:HDS not on Wikidata
  322. ↑ Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon, Susan Vandiver Nicassio (p. 20).
  323. ↑ Vella, George (5 July 2005). "Outline History of the Circolo Gozitano". Circolo Gozitano. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  324. ↑ Bataković, Dušan T. (2006). "A Balkan-Style French Revolution? The 1804 Serbian Uprising in European Perspective". Balcanica. XXXVI. Belgrade: Балканолошки институт – via Balcanica.
  325. ↑ В.Сянькевіч. (1987). "Да 175-годзьдзя аднаўленьня Вялікага Княства Літоўскага". Зважай (in Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) (4 (48) ed.). Таронта. pp. 2–3, 7–8.Category:CS1 Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)-language sources (be-tarask)
  326. ↑ Marian Kukiel, Wojna 1812 roku (The 1812 War), Kraków, 1937.
  327. ↑ Diariusz Sejmowy z roku 1812, "Teki Archiwalne", t. 21, 1989, pp. 146–152
  328. ↑ Frydenlund, Bård (2014): Spillet om Norge. Det politiske året 1814.
  329. ↑ Monnier, Louis (1909). Histoire de la ville de Vesoul : avec de nombreuses reproductions de monuments et de portraits. p. 82. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  330. ↑ "E Giovanni Battista apparve a Pontecorvo. Per convertire i cuori" [And John the Baptist appeared in Pontecorvo. To convert the hearts] (in Italian). 14 May 2012.Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
  331. ↑ Elpida Vogli, The Greek War of Independence and the emergence of a modern nation-state in Southeastern Europe (1821-1827), in Plamen Mitev et al. (eds.), Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe Between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699-1829, LIT Verlag, Berlin, 2010, p. 193.
  332. ↑ Χρ. Κλειώσης, Ιστορία της τοπικής αυτοδιοικήσεως, Αθήνα 1977, σσ. 195-196
  333. ↑ Dakin, Douglas (1973). "The Formation of the Greek State, 1821–33". The Struggle for Greek Independence. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 165.
  334. ↑ Tasos Vournas, Ιστορία της νεώτερης και σύγχρονης Ελλάδος, τομ.Α, τομ.Α, εκδ.Πατάκης, Αθήνα, 2006
  335. ↑ Vöhler, Martin; Alekou, Stella; Pechlivanos, Miltos (2021-01-18). Concepts and Functions of Philhellenism: Aspects of a Transcultural Movement. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-11-071602-3.
  336. ↑ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ′: Η ελληνική επανάσταση και η ίδρυση του ελληνικού κράτους (1821–1832) [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XII: The Greek Revolution and the founding of the Greek state (1821–1832)] (in Greek). Ekdotiki Athinon. 1975. p. 125.Category:CS1 uses Greek-language script (el)Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)
  337. ↑ "Το πρωτότυπο κείμενο του Πολιτεύματος". library.parliament.gr. Archived from the original on 2021-12-10. Retrieved 2026-04-25.
  338. ↑ "Ottoman Rule and the War of Independence", Greek, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 371–378, 2010, doi:10.1002/9781444318913.ch13, ISBN 978-1444318913{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN
  339. ↑ Flag and history of the Italian United Provinces
  340. ↑ Grażyna Bielińska, Władze Centralne Powstania Listopadowego 1830-1831. Archivum Patriae, 2011. (in Polish)Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)
  341. ↑ Harsin, Jill (2002). Barricades: The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830–1848. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-312-29479-3.
  342. ↑ Geremia, Ernesto Carlo, and Gino Ragnetti (2005), Tavolara – l'Isola dei Re, ISBN 88-425-3441-2
  343. ↑ Church, Clive H., and Randolph C. Head. A concise history of Switzerland (Cambridge University Press, 2013). pp 132–61
  344. ↑ (in Italian)Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it) "Liceo Berchet di Milano" – a more detailed account of the Five Days
  345. ↑ "Rzeczpospolita Mosińska - Ciekawostki - Region Wielkopolska • miejsca które warto odwiedzić". regionwielkopolska.pl (in Polish). 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2019-02-25. Retrieved 2019-04-26.Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)
  346. ↑ Bellocchi, Ugo (2008). Bandiera madre – I tre colori della vita (in Italian). Scripta Maneant. ISBN 978-88-95847-01-6.Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
  347. ↑ Cunsolo, Ronald S, "Venice and the Revolution of 1848–49", Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848, Ohio University, archived from the original on 20 December 2008, retrieved 22 November 2008.
  348. ↑ Ralf Heikaus: Die ersten Monate der provisorischen Zentralgewalt für Deutschland (Juli bis Dezember 1848). PhD thesis. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main [u. a.] 1997, ISBN 3-631-31389-6
  349. ↑ Monaco, Gouvernement Princier. “Secession of Menton and Roquebrune / Times of Trouble (1793-1861) / Periods / History and Heritage / Government & Institutions / Portail Du Gouvernement - Monaco.” Portail Officiel Du Gouvernement Princier - Monaco, https://en.gouv.mc/Government-Institutions/History-and-Heritage/Periods/Times-of-trouble-1793-1861/Secession-of-Menton-and-Roquebrune
  350. ↑ Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 978-2-8251-1958-7.Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)
  351. ↑ Burant, Stephen R. (6 January 2011). "Hungary: The Revolution of March 1848".
  352. ↑ George Macaulay Trevelyan, "Garibaldi's defense of Rome" excerpts from Garibaldi and the Thousand, 1910
  353. ↑ Stilman, W.J. (1899). The union of Italy. Madison: The University of Wincousin Press. pp. 300–301.
  354. ↑ Davies, Norman (2005). God's playground: a history of Poland. Vol. 2. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199253401.
  355. ↑ Dorin Stănescu, Republica de la Ploiești, Ed. Ploiești Mileniul III, 2016.
  356. ↑ Šišić, Ferdo (1926). Kvaternik (Rakovička buna) (in Croatian). Zagreb: Tisak Hrvatskog štamparskog zavoda.Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)
  357. ↑ "Cantón de Málaga". www.malagahistoria.com. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  358. ↑ Casals Bergés, Quintí (2022). "El Cantonalismo (1873): Notas para un estudio comparado". Aportes: Revista de historia contemporánea. 37 (110): 59–101. ISSN 0213-5868.
  359. ↑ Duràn i Solà, Lluís (2009). Breu història del catalanisme. Vol. 1. L'Abadia de Montserrat. p. 19. ISBN 978-8498831740.
  360. ↑ Brandt, Joseph A. (1933). Toward the New Spain. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  361. ↑ Мехмед, Хюсеин (2007). Помаците и торбешите в Мизия, Тракия и Македония (in Bulgarian). София. p. 167. Archived from the original on 2009-10-27.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisherCategory:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)
  362. ↑ Jones, S.F. (July 1989), "Marxism and Peasant Revolt in the Russian Empire: The Case of the Gurian Republic", The Slavonic and East European Review, 67 (3): 403–434, JSTOR 4210029
  363. ↑ Силянов, Христо. Освободителните борби на Македония, т. I, София 1933, гл. VI.1 (in Bulgarian)Category:Articles with Bulgarian-language sources (bg)
  364. ↑ Balkanski, Georges (1982). "Histoire du mouvement libertaire en Bulgarie: esquisse" [History of the libertarian movement in Bulgaria: sketch]. Volonté anarchiste (in French). No. 16–17. Fédération Anarchiste. ISSN 0181-4389.Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)
  365. ↑ 1899–1917: Shuliavka Republic and students movements in the beginning of the 20th century (1899–1917: Шулявська республіка та студентські рухи початку 20 сторіччя). Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.
  366. ↑ (in Polish)Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Rewolucja 1905 website about the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland
  367. ↑ Ivan Sablin (17 July 2018). The Rise and Fall of Russia's Far Eastern Republic, 1905–1922: Nationalisms, Imperialisms, and Regionalisms in and after the Russian Empire. Taylor & Francis. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-429-84823-0.
  368. ↑ Figes, Orlando (2014). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 9781847922915.
  369. ↑ Richard D Lewis, Revolution in the countryside : Russian Poland, 1905-1906, Center for Russian and East European Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1986
  370. ↑ "107 лет назад в Буджаке была провозглашена Комратская республика". vfokuse.md (in Russian). 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017.Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
  371. ↑ Anthony J. Papalas (2004). Rebels and Radicals Icaria 1600–2000. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 9780865166059.
  372. ↑ Constantinos Vacalopoulos (2004). Ιστορία της Μείζονος Θράκης, από την πρώιμη Οθωμανοκρατία μέχρι τις μέρες μας, History of Greater Thrace, from early Ottoman rule until nowadays. Thessaloniki: Publisher Antonios Stamoulis. p. 282. ISBN 960-8353-45-9.
  373. ↑ Elsie, Robert. "Introduction to Memorandum on Albania, written by Robert Elsie". Switzerland: Web site of Robert Elsie, specialist on Albanian studies. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2011. On 16 October 1913, ... Toptani set up a rival government based in Durrës, called the Republic of Central Albania.
  374. ↑ Thomopoulos, Elaine (2012). The History of Greece. ABC-CLIO. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-313-37511-8.
  375. ↑ Bakhturin, A. Yu. (2000). Политика Российской Империи в Восточной Галиции в годы Первой Мировой войны [The Politics of the Russian Empire in Eastern Galicia during the First World War] (in Russian). Archived from the original (DJVU) on 4 December 2013 – via malorus.ru/mnib.Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
  376. ↑ Thomas, N. (2003), The German Army in World War I, 1914-15 I, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-565-1, p. 9
  377. ↑ Liulevicius, Vejas G. (2000). War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, Identity, and German Occupation in World War I. Cambridge University Press, p. 54.
  378. ↑ Stephan Lehnstaedt: The Military General Government of Lublin. The "utilization" of Poland by Austria-Hungary in the First World War; Journal of East Central Europe Research, 2012, digitized (PDF; 0.6 MB)
  379. ↑ McGee, John (6 March 2016). "Time to celebrate a centenary of Irish broadcast heroes". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
  380. ↑ Οι κουτσόβλαχοι και το Αυτόνομο κρατίδιο της Πίνδου (1917)
  381. ↑ (in Latvian)Category:Articles with Latvian-language sources (lv) Dišlers K. Ievads Latvijas valststiesību zinātnē. Rīga: A. Gulbis, 1930, 56. – 57. lpp.
  382. ↑ Stanley Page The Formation of the Baltic States: A Study of the Effects of Great Power Politics Upon the Emergence of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia Harvard University Press, 1959 - Baltic States - 193 pages Issue 39 of Harvard historical monographs, ISSN 0073-0521
  383. ↑ (in Ukrainian)Category:Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) 89 років від проголошення у Бахчисараї Кримської Народної Республіки, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (13 December 2006)
  384. ↑ (in Latvian)Category:Articles with Latvian-language sources (lv) Latviešu konversācijas vārdnīcas 10. sējuma 20 240 — 20 244 slejas. Rīga, 1933.-1934.
  385. ↑ Andrieș-Tabac, Silviu (2008). "Simbolurile Republicii Democratice Moldovenești (1917-1918). Interpretări semantice". Tyragetia (in Romanian). 2 (2): 291–294.Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)
  386. ↑ Kalinichenko, V.V., Rybalka, I.K. "The First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets". History of Ukraine, a textbook for historic departments. Kharkiv National University of Karazin. Kharkiv 2004.
  387. ↑ "Iskolat", Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  388. ↑ «ОЗДОРОВЛЕНИЕ РОССИИ НАЧНЕТСЯ С ОКРАИН…»
  389. ↑ The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a puppet state by Norman Davies in Europe: A history ( Internet Archive, p. 910); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in A Concise History of Poland (Google Books, p. 218); by Piotr J. Wroblel in Chronology of Polish History and Nation and History (Google Books, p. 454); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in Poland: Key to Europe (Google Books, p. 68: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").
  390. ↑ Doukaev, Aslan (December 2023). "Resurgent Dreams of Independence in the North Caucasus". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 20 (188). Jamestown Foundation.
  391. ↑ Kasimov, Salavat. Bashkir Regional Bureau. Bashkir Encyclopaedia.
  392. ↑ Ганин А. В. Оренбургское казачье войско в Гражданской войне и в эмиграции. 1917−1945. // Военно-исторический журнал. — 2007. — № 8. — С.25-30.
  393. ↑ "Treaty Between the Russian and Finnish Socialist Republics". heninen.net. Finland: Heninen. 1918-03-01. Retrieved 2025-04-08.
  394. ↑ Авторский коллектив. Гражданская война в России: энциклопедия катастрофы / Составитель и ответственный редактор: Д. М. Володихин, научный редактор С. В. Волков. — 1-е. — М.: Сибирский цирюльник, 2010. — 400 с. — ISBN 978-5-903888-14-6.
  395. ↑ Goble, Paul. "When 'an American Victory Map' Showed an Independent Kazan Republic". Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  396. ↑ "Государственные гербы антибольшевистских правительств периода "Демократической контрреволюции"". kolchakiya.ru. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
  397. ↑ "Sozialdemokratie in Rheinland-Pfalz: Die Revolution die nicht stattfand" [Social Democracy in Rhineland-Palatinate: The Revolution that Didn't Take Place]. www.sozialdemokratie-rlp.de (in German). Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Retrieved 13 May 2018.Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)
  398. ↑ Kamusella, Tomasz (2021). "Short-lived Polities in Central Europe, 1908–1924". Words in Space and Time. Central European University Press. pp. 82–85. JSTOR 10.7829/j.ctv209xmvc.24.
  399. ↑ David S. Foglesong (February 2014), "Fighting, But Not At War", America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1917–1920, UNC Press Books, ISBN 9781469611136
  400. ↑ "Почему не удалось построить Идель-Уральскую республику". RFE/RL (in Russian). 4 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-12-25.Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
  401. ↑ Wolfram Dornik, „Das war wie im Wilden Westen“. Folgen von Grenzverschiebungen als Folge des Ersten Weltkrieges.... In: Siegfried Mattl u. a. (Hrsg.): Krieg, Erinnerung, Geschichtswissenschaft, Veröffentlichungen des Clusters Geschichtswissenschaft der Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft Bd. 1, S. 73–87, Böhlau, Wien 2009, S. 74, ISBN 978-3-205-78193-6
  402. ↑ Deák, Ladislav (1991). Hra o Slovensko [The Game for Slovakia] (in Slovak). Bratislava: VEDA, Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied. p. 18. ISBN 80-224-0370-9.Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)
  403. ↑ Matijević, Zlatko (November 2008). "Narodno vijeće Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba u Zagrebu: Osnutak, djelovanje i nestanak (1918/1919)" (PDF). Fontes (in Croatian). 14 (14). Croatian State Archives: 35–66. ISSN 1330-6804.Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)
  404. ↑ Małecki, Zygmunt; Marcinkowski, Stanisław (1975). Ziemia pińczowska. Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza.
  405. ↑ Poole, Jr., De W. C. (1918-11-20). "The Chargé in Russia (Poole) to the Secretary of State". US Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2025-04-08. I now have the honor to forward a translation of the treaty of March 1/February 16, 1918, between the socialist republics of Russia and Finland.
  406. ↑ Minahan, James (1 January 2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313323843 – via Google Books.
  407. ↑ Troester, J. (2003). "22 novembre 1918 : les Français à Strasbourg". La Grande Guerre Magazine (in French) (38).Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)
  408. ↑ Carmen Albert, "Ocupația sârbă din Banat în memorialistica bănățeană", in Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie, Vol. XIX, 2011, pp. 449–456.
  409. ↑ Ladislav Heka, "Posljedice Prvoga svjetskog rata: samoproglašene 'države' na području Ugarske", in Godišnjak za Znanstvena Istraživanja, 2014, pp. 113–170.
  410. ↑ Alex Marshall: "The Terek people's republic, 1918: coalition government in the Russian revolution", Revolutionary Russia, 22:2, 2009, p. 203–221.
  411. ↑ Holquist, Peter (2002). Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia's Continuum of Crisis, 1914-1921. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674009073.
  412. ↑ Bullock, David (2008). The Russian Civil War, 1918–22 (1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey Pub. ISBN 978-1-84603-271-4.
  413. ↑ Baumgart, Winfried (1966). Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918: Von Brest-Litovsk bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges. Wien: Oldenbourg.
  414. ↑ Čepėnas, Pranas (1986). Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. ISBN 5-89957-012-1.Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)
  415. ↑ (in Polish)Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Republika Tarnobrzeska Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineCategory:Webarchive template wayback links
  416. ↑ Kenez, Peter (2004). Red Attack, White Resistance; Civil War in South Russia 1918. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing. pp. 276–277. ISBN 9780974493442.
  417. ↑ Erik Jan Zürcher, The Unionist factor: the rôle of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish national movement, 1905-1926, Brill, 1984, ISBN 978-90-04-07262-6, p. 90.
  418. ↑ Rogozhin, A. Military construction in Ukraine during the Civil War and foreign military intervention. "Yuridicheskaya Rossiya".
  419. ↑ Vasyl Markus, Matvii Stakhiv, Western Ukrainian National Republic in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993)
  420. ↑ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2002) [1993]. "Central Europe 1918-1923". Historical Atlas of Central Europe. A History of East Central Europe. Vol. 1 (revised and expanded ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-295-98146-6. OCLC 47097699.
  421. ↑ Міхалюк, Д. Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка ў 1918—1920 гг. Ля вытокаў беларускай дзяржаўнасці / Нав. рэд. С. Рудовіч; пер. з польск. А. Пілецкі. — Смаленск : Інбелкульт, 2015. — С.442-443.
  422. ↑ Strong, David F. (1939). Austria. (October 1918–March 1919). Transition from Empire to Republic. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/stro90430. ISBN 9780231878708. Retrieved 2023-08-07. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date
  423. ↑ "Lietuvos Sovietų Respublika" (in Lithuanian). Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia.Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)
  424. ↑ Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991). Eesti ajalugu [History of Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261.Category:CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)
  425. ↑ Dr. Andrew Andersen, Ph.D. Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918–1920 Archived 2016-12-28 at the Wayback MachineCategory:Webarchive template wayback links
  426. ↑ Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР. Энциклопедия / Хромов С. С. (отв. ред.). — 1-е. — Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1983. — 704 с. — 100 000 экз.
  427. ↑ "COLLIS, Sir (William) James Norman Cooke- (1876-1941), Major General". 2012-09-23. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 2025-04-04.
  428. ↑ Cornell, Svante E. (2002). Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus: Cases in Georgia (PDF). Uppsala: Uppsala University. ISBN 91-506-1600-5. OCLC 50053064. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2007.
  429. ↑ As stated by Khoyski, Official Azerbaijan Archives, folio.895, list.1, w. 288, pp.28-49
  430. ↑ Очеркъ политической исторіи Всевеликаго Войска Донского (Изданіе Управленія Генералъ-Квартирмейстера Штаба Донской Арміи, 1919). Page from the book with reproduction of the document: “Постановление Войскового Круга от 30 мая 1919 г. о благодарности Великобританскому Королевскому Правительству и Парламенту за оказываемую помощь в борьбе с большевиками”.
  431. ↑ Purs, Aldis; Plakans, Andrejs (2017). Historical Dictionary of Latvia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0221-3.
  432. ↑ Plakans, Andrejs (1995). The Latvians. A Short History. Hoover Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8108-4904-4.
  433. ↑ McLachlan, Gordon (2008). Bradt Lithuania (5th ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-84162-228-6.
  434. ↑ Jacobs, Frank (June 11, 2015). "Life, Liberty, and Free Beer: the Short-lived Free State of Schwenten". bigthink.com. Retrieved Jan 24, 2019.
  435. ↑ Harold Henry Fisher. The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919-1923: The Operations of the American Relief Administration. Ayer Publishing, 1971. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-8369-5650-4
  436. ↑ Дарибазарон Э. Ч. Общественная и религиозная деятельность учёного-богослова Сандана Цыденова // Сборник научных трудов ВСГТУ. Серия общественные науки. Выпуск 4, 1998. С 304—­308.
  437. ↑ Magocsi, Paul Robert; Pop, Ivan I. (June 2002). Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture (book). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-0-8020-3566-0. Retrieved 22 July 2019. Hutsul Republic.
  438. ↑ The Times Atlas of World History. Times Books Limited. 1978. p. 258. ISBN 0-7230-0161-8.
  439. ↑ Toma, Peter A. (1958). "The Slovak Soviet Republic of 1919". American Slavic & East European Review. 17 (2): 203–215. doi:10.2307/3004167. JSTOR 3004167.
  440. ↑ Kosi, Jernej (2020). "Summer of 1919: A Radical, Irreversible, Liberating Break in Prekmurje/Muravidék?". The Hungarian Historical Review. 9 (1): 51–68. ISSN 2063-8647.
  441. ↑ "The formation of Belarusian statehood in 1918-1920s: Chronology of events | Archives of Belarus". Retrieved 2026-03-21.
  442. ↑ "Project MUSE - Military Affairs in Russia's Great War and Revolution, 1914-1922, Book 3: The Russian Civil War".
  443. ↑ S.A, Priberam Informática. "Traulitânia". dicionario.priberam.org (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-07-16.Category:CS1 European Portuguese-language sources (pt-pt)
  444. ↑ Lee, Gary (27 October 1986). "Soviets Begin Recovery From Disaster's Damage". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  445. ↑ Ермоленко, Татьяна; Морозова, Ольга (2013). Погоны и будёновки: Гражданская война глазами белых офицеров и красноармейцев (PDF) (in Russian). РГНФ. Retrieved 19 January 2022.Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
  446. ↑ "Storia - Fiume 1918-1924" [History - Fiume 1918-1924]. www.istriadalmaziacards.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2025-10-15.Category:CS1: unfit URL
  447. ↑ Coene, Frederik (16 October 2009). The Caucasus - An Introduction. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-135-20302-3. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  448. ↑ Niinistö, Jussi (2016). Heimosotien historia 1918-1922 (in Finnish). Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-952-222-846-8.Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
  449. ↑ Дубровская Е. Ю. Судьбы приграничья в „Рассказах о Гражданской войне в Карелии“ (по материалам Архива КарНЦ РАН) // Межкультурные взаимодействия в полиэтничном пространстве пограничного региона: Сборник материалов международной научной конференции / Составитель О. П. Илюха. — Петрозаводск: КарНЦ РАН, 2005. — 416 с. — С. 102−105. (Скачать С. 85-154.)
  450. ↑ ДАКО, Ф. 1716, оп. 1, спр. 33, арк. 62; Борьба за власть Советов на Киевщине. Сб. документов и материалов. — К., 1957. — С. 335.
  451. ↑ "Uprising in Lukyanovka Prison: How the Last Battle of the Cold Yar Atamans took place". Espresso TV (in Ukrainian). 9 February 2020.Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)
  452. ↑ https://issuu.com/i742/docs/otaman_holuu - презентация «Черкасского районного организационно-методического центра библиотечной и краеведческой работы» к 120-летию Т. И. Бабенко
  453. ↑ Laffan, Michael (1999). The Resurrection of Ireland. Cambridge University Press. p. 350. ISBN 9781139426299. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  454. ↑ ""Official" website of the Free State of Bottleneck". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  455. ↑ Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919-20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: St. Martin's Press, inc., New York, 1972)
  456. ↑ "Гражданская война в Финляндии". 2011-12-14. Archived from the original on 2011-12-14. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  457. ↑ Przemysław Sieradzan (2005). "Julian Marchlewski i Krótka Historia PolRewKomu". Komunistyczna Partia Polski 1918-1938 (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2007-01-25.Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)
  458. ↑ Возз'єднання західноукраїнських земель з Радянською Україною. — К., 1989.
  459. ↑ Віцьбіч Юрка. Антыбальшавіцкія паўстаньні і партызанская барацьба на Беларусі. Вільня: Gudas, 2006. — 296 с. — ISBN 998-6952-02-6.
  460. ↑ Тамбовское восстание 1918-1921 гг. и раскрестьянивание России 1929-1933 гг - Б. В Сенников - Google Книги
  461. ↑ Senn, Alfred Erich (1964). "On the State of Central Lithuania". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 12 (3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 366–374. JSTOR 41042359. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  462. ↑ Bournoutian, George A. (2006). A Concise History of the Armenian People (5th ed.). Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda. ISBN 1568591411.
  463. ↑ Institute of History of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (1998). Azerbaijan Republic (1918-1920) (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Baku: Elm Publishing House. pp. 295–300. ISBN 5-8066-0925-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.Category:CS1 Azerbaijani-language sources (az)
  464. ↑ "Russian Civil War Polities". www.worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  465. ↑ "Tarton rauha oli tiukan neuvottelun takana - eikä kestänyt kauan". yle.fi (in Finnish). 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2024-04-05.Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
  466. ↑ Westungarn. In: Phila-Lexikon, retrieved 17 February 2017. Siehe Rüdiger Wurth: Postgeschichtliche Aspekte Deutsch-Westungarns im Zusammenhang mit dem Übergang von der ungarischen in die österreichische Verwaltung 1921. In: Burgenländische Heimatblätter. Band 53, 1991, S. 1–22 (PDF).
  467. ↑ "Labinska republika". Istarska enciklopedija (in Croatian).Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)
  468. ↑ Dimitrije Boarov, Politička istorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001.
  469. ↑ Austin, Robert Clegg (2012). Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920-1925. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442644359.
  470. ↑ "Republic of Mountainous Armenia (26 April 1921, capital: Goris, including: Syunik, Vayots Dzor and parts of modern-day NKR)". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  471. ↑ Anchabadze, Jurij (1998), "History: the modern period", in Hewitt, George (ed.), The Abkhazians: A Handbook, New York City: St. Martin's Press, pp. 132–146, ISBN 978-0-31-221975-8
  472. ↑ "Article 8". Basic Law (Constitution) of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Abkhazia. rrc.ge. 1926. Retrieved 2025-06-18. The languages of state institutions on the territory of Abkhaz SSR are: Abkhaz, Georgian and Russian.
  473. ↑ The Europa World Year Book 2004, Volume I. Europa World Year Book (45th ed.). London: Europa Publications. 2004 [1928]. p. 1806. ISBN 1-85743-254-1. However, Georgia was invaded by Bolshevik troops in early 1921, and a Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was proclaimed on 25 February.
  474. ↑ Alston, Charlotte (2013). Tolstoy and his Disciples. Tauris. pp. 41–47. ISBN 9780857724786.
  475. ↑ A Country Study: Soviet Union (PDF)
  476. ↑ Celia Applegate, A Nation of Provincials: The German Idea of Heimat, University of California Press, 1990, p.145.
  477. ↑ Sobrequés i Callicó, Jaume. Catalunya i la Segona República. Edicions d'Ara (Barcelona, 1983) ISBN 84-248-0793-6
  478. ↑ Morán García Robes, Julio (1997). Las Humanidades en Acatlan – Asturias en la Guerra civil española. México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 33. ISBN 9683650449. Retrieved 4 October 2013. (in Spanish)Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)
  479. ↑ Cz. Republik Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback MachineCategory:Webarchive template wayback links
  480. ↑ Ganzer, C. (2001). "Die Karpato-Ukraine 1938/39: Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges." (in German)Category:Articles with German-language sources (de) Hamburg. Die Ostreihe - Neue Folge. (in German)Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)
  481. ↑ Nedelsky, Nadya (7 January 2003). "The wartime Slovak state: a case study in the relationship between ethnic nationalism and authoritarian patterns of governance". Nations and Nationalism. 7 (2): 215–234. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00013.
  482. ↑ Marek, Krystyna (1954). Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Librairie Droz. p. 475. ISBN 9782600040440. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date
  483. ↑ "Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates".
  484. ↑ "Ukrainian National Committee (Cracow)".
  485. ↑ Venceslav Glišić, Užička republika, Belgrade, 1986.
  486. ↑ Yermolov, Igor; Drobyazko, Sergey (2001). "1. Оккупация Орловской области и организация Локотского самоуправления" [1. The occupation of the Oryol region and the organization of the Lokot self-government]. Антипартизанская республика [Anti-Partisan Republic] (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisherCategory:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
  487. ↑ (in French)Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr) Open University of Calalonia: Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce
  488. ↑ "Russia's War in Chechnya: Testing Democracy in the Crucible of War" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Retrieved Sep 18, 2025.
  489. ↑ BBC News 29 November 2001: Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy
  490. ↑ Zhukov, Pavel (28 April 2019). "The Zuyev Republic: Old Believers between the Two Fires". Diletant. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  491. ↑ Magocsi, Robert Paul (2002). The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism. University of Toronto Press. p. 33.
  492. ↑ Kapetanović, Hajro, ed. (1965). Bihaćka Republika, Knjiga I - Zbornik Članaka [Republic of Bihać, Book I - Collection of Articles] (in Bosnian). Bihać: Muzeja Avnoja i Pounja.Category:CS1 Bosnian-language sources (bs)
  493. ↑ "The Republic of Kolkiv is the territory of Ukrainian freedom in the vortex of war". Ukrinform (in Ukrainian). 29 June 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2023.Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)
  494. ↑ Andrew Wilson (2011). Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship (Google Books preview). Yale University Press. pp. 109, 110, 113. ISBN 978-0300134353. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  495. ↑ Italian newsreel: The last speech of Mussolini in Milan on 16 December 1944 on YouTube
  496. ↑ Clogg, Richard (2013). A Concise History of Modern Greece (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10761203-7.
  497. ↑ The Vercors in History through a few dates Archived 2020-01-30 at the Wayback MachineCategory:Webarchive template wayback links – Vercors Memorial website
  498. ↑ Renosio, Mario. La Repubblica partigiana dell'Alto Monferrato (PDF). p. 12.
  499. ↑ "The Partisan Republics". anpi.it. 16 April 2014.
  500. ↑ Wintersteiner, Werner. (2014). From a Culture of Memory to a Culture of Peace Perspectives for the Alps-Adriatic region1. Yearbook Peace Culture.
  501. ↑ Forty Days of Freedom, directed by Leandro Castellani, RAI, 1974
  502. ↑ Ważniewski, Władysław (1972). Bój o Republikę Pińczowską 1944 (in Polish). Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej.Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)
  503. ↑ Teti, Vito. "La "Repubblica" di Caulonia". L'altra Calabria. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15.
  504. ↑ Jochen Czerny (Hrsg.): Republik im Niemandsland. Ein Schwarzenberg-Lesebuch, Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Sachsen, Schkeuditz 1997, ISBN 978-3-929994-94-0, page 369
  505. ↑ Allinson, Mark (2000). Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany 1945–1965. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719055546.
  506. ↑ The Bonn Republic — West German democracy, 1945–1990, Anthony James Nicholls, Longman, 1997
  507. ↑ No Saints in Paradise, Time Magazine, Oct. 26, 1970
  508. ↑ "Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration (1 February 1974)" (in Turkish). National Unity Party. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)
  509. ↑ "Cyprus History: 1975 Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (TFSC)". www.cypnet.co.uk.
  510. ↑ Neukirch, Claus (2002). "Autonomy And Conflict Transformation: The Case Of The Gagauz Territorial Autonomy In The Republic Of Moldova" (PDF). In Gál, Kinga (ed.). Minority Governance in Europe. Series on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues. Vol. 1. pp. 105–123. S2CID 31174219. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-20.
  511. ↑ The Supreme Soviet changed the official name of the republic from Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic to Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on 5 November 1991. See: "Postanovlenie verkhovnogo soveta Pridnestrovskoi Moldavskoi Respubliki ob izmenenii nazvaniia respubliki," Dnestrovskaia pravda, 6 November 1991, 1.
  512. ↑ "Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan". January 19, 2000. Archived from the original on January 19, 2000.
  513. ↑ Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, K. (2006-04-25). The Yugoslav Wars (1): Slovenia & Croatia 1991–95. Bloomsbury USA. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-84176-963-9.
  514. ↑ "ICTY - Radoslav Brdjanin verdict" (PDF). Retrieved Sep 18, 2025.
  515. ↑ "North Macedonia's quirky micronation". BBC. 4 November 2022.
  516. ↑ Baker, Catherine (2015). The Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781137398994.
  517. ↑ Judah, Tim (2000). Kosovo: War and Revenge. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300097255. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  518. ↑ Official website of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, archived June 2000
  519. ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh dissolution not valid, says Armenian separatist leader". France 24. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
  520. ↑ "Armenia, Pakistan establish diplomatic relations". Armenpress. 31 August 2025. Retrieved 2025-09-09.
  521. ↑ Kemper, Michael; Conermann, Stephan (2011). The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-136-83854-5. In 1992 the area of Laçin was occupied by Armenian forces; a "Kurdish Republic of Laçin" was subsequently declared by local Kurds, but this remained a rather short-lived - not to say stillborn - adventure
  522. ↑ United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. (1992). Report on the Tatarstan referendum on soverignty [sic]: March 21, 1992, Kazan and Pestretsy. Washington, D.C.: The Commission.
  523. ↑ Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Dialogue Association. ISBN 9782911527104.
  524. ↑ Belitser, Natalya (20 February 2000). "The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement". International Committee for Crimea. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  525. ↑ Anđelić, Ivan (2009). Hrvatska zajednica Herceg-Bosna 1997. – 2009 [Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia 1997 – 2009] (PDF). Mostar: Hrvatska zajednica Herceg Bosna. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-10. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
  526. ↑ Storm, Karli (2024). "'Diffuse Support' and Authoritarian Regime Resilience: Azerbaijanism vis-à-vis Azerbaijan's Talysh Minority". Caucasus Survey: 1–26. doi:10.30965/23761202-bja10034.
  527. ↑ Bezruchenko, Viktor (2022). The Civil War in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-95): Political, Military, and Diplomatic History / Political, Social and Religious Studies of the Balkans. Vol. III. Houston: Strategic Book Publishing and Rights Company. ISBN 9781682357125.
  528. ↑ Živić, D. (2003). "Prognano stanovništvo iz hrvatskog Podunavlja i problemi njegovog povratka (1991. – 2001.)". Croatian Geographical Bulletin. 65 (1): 63–81. doi:10.21861/HGG.2003.65.01.04.
  529. ↑ Ware, pp.88-120
  530. ↑ "THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF TATARSTAN – CNN iReport". Archived from the original on 2014-03-30.
  531. ↑ "Распоряжение Президента Российской Федерации от 17 March 2014 № 63-рп "О подписании Договора между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов"". Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 31 October 2017. at http://www.pravo.gov.ru (in Russian)Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)
  532. ↑ "Why the Kremlin Is Shutting Down the Novorossiya Project".
  533. ↑ ""They'd make out that the "Donetsk People's Republic" was the whole of Donetsk Oblast." How Russia is indoctrinating young people in Ukraine's occupied territories". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 2025-05-23.
  534. ↑ Ledur, Júlia (2022-11-21). "What Russia has gained and lost so far in Ukraine, visualized". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  535. ↑ International, Hromadske (14 November 2014). "A Guide to Warlords of the Ukraine 'Separatist Republics'".
  536. ↑ "Kremlin recognizes independence of two Ukrainian regions". Deutsche Welle. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  537. ↑ "Ukraine war latest: Putin declares four areas of Ukraine as Russian". BBC. 30 September 2022.
  538. ↑ "The rise and fall of Azerbaijan's "Goycha-Zangazur Republic" | Eurasianet".
  539. ↑ New Zealand Historical Atlas. p. "Te Whenua Rangatira", plate 36.
  540. ↑ "Cakobau: the first (and last) king of Fiji". HistoryExtra. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  541. ↑ Alfred Metraux (1937). "The Kings of Easter Island". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 46. Polynesian Society: 41–62. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
  542. ↑ "Women in Power 1870 – 1900". Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  543. ↑ Newbury, Colin W. (1980). Tahiti Nui: Change and Survival in French Polynesia, 1767–1945. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. p. 211. hdl:10125/62908. ISBN 978-0-8248-8032-3. OCLC 1053883377. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  544. ↑ Chesneau, Joseph (August 1928). "Notes sur Huahine et autres Iles-Sous-le-Vent". Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes (in French) (26). Papeete: Société des Études Océaniennes: 81–98. OCLC 9510786.Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)
  545. ↑ Fischer, Steven R. (2005). Island at the End of the World: The Turbulent History of Easter Island. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-245-4. OCLC 254147531.
  546. ↑ "Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", Hawaiian Gazette, Nov 1, 1895, p 1
  547. ↑ "The truth behind the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom". Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  548. ↑ Case, Howard D. (July 26, 1913). "National Guard of Hawaii Today and in the Yesteryears". Honolulu-star Bulletin. p. 9. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  549. ↑ "The Annexation Of Hawaii: A Collection Of Documents". Hawaiian Digital Collection. University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Library.
  550. ↑ Micronesian Seminar: The Sokehs Rebellion
  551. ↑ "History of West Papua".
  552. ↑ Treaster, Joseph B. (7 June 1980). "U.S. Land Developer Aids New Hebrides Dissidents". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  553. ↑ Howard, Alan. "Symbols of Power and the Politics of Impotence: The Mölmahao Rebellion on Rotuma". University of Hawaii. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  554. ↑ Will Marshall, "Papua New Guinea government obtains shaky weapons disposal pact in Bougainville", World Socialist Web Site, May 23, 2001. Accessed on line March 4, 2008.
  555. ↑ Pain, Stephanie (24 December 2011). "Scott, Amundsen… and Nobu Shirase". New Scientist (2844). Retrieved 12 October 2011.

Further reading

Category:Former unrecognized countries#* Category:Lists of former countries#Historical%20unrecognized%20countries,%20list%20of Category:Proposed countries#* Category:Lists of non-sovereign nations#Historical
Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Category:All articles with dead external links Category:All articles with self-published sources Category:All articles with style issues Category:Articles containing German-language text Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text Category:Articles needing more detailed references Category:Articles with Bulgarian-language sources (bg) Category:Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh) Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr) Category:Articles with German-language sources (de) Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Category:Articles with Latvian-language sources (lv) Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Category:Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2020 Category:Articles with permanently dead external links Category:Articles with self-published sources from September 2024 Category:Articles with short description Category:CS1: unfit URL Category:CS1 Azerbaijani-language sources (az) Category:CS1 Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)-language sources (be-tarask) Category:CS1 Bosnian-language sources (bs) Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg) Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr) Category:CS1 Estonian-language sources (et) Category:CS1 European Portuguese-language sources (pt-pt) Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr) Category:CS1 German-language sources (de) Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el) Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Category:CS1 Kazakh-language sources (kk) Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt) Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro) Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans) Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk) Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Category:CS1 maint: postscript Category:CS1 maint: publisher location Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) Category:CS1 uses Greek-language script (el) Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) Category:Dynamic lists Category:Former unrecognized countries Category:HDS not on Wikidata Category:Lists of former countries Category:Lists of non-sovereign nations Category:Pages with Vietnamese IPA Category:Pages with missing ISBNs Category:Proposed countries Category:Short description is different from Wikidata Category:Source attribution Category:Webarchive template wayback links Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2023