Uvular ejective stop
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| Uvular ejective stop | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| qʼCategory:Pages with plain IPA | |||
| IPA number | 111 + 401 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | qʼ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0071 U+02BC | ||
| X-SAMPA | q_> | ||
| |||
A uvular ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨qʼCategory:Pages with plain IPA⟩.
Features
Features of a uvular ejective stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.
Occurrence
A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all Northeast Caucasian languages, all South Caucasian languages, and some Athabaskan languages, as well as Itelmen, Quechua and Aymara.
Most Salishan languages, Tlingit, as well as Adyghe and Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian languages), demonstrate a two-way contrast between labialised and plain uvular ejectives.
The Akhvakh language appears to have a contrast between lax and tense uvular ejectives: [qʼaː]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'soup, broth' (lax) vs. [qʼːama]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'cock's comb' (tense).
Abkhaz contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written ⟨ҟ, ҟь, ҟə⟩, e.g., аҟаԥшьCategory:Articles containing Abkhaz-language text [aqʼapʃ]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'red', -ҵəҟьаCategory:Articles containing Abkhaz-language text [-t͡ɕʷʼqʲʼa]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'really, indeed (a verbal suffix)', АҟәаCategory:Articles containing Abkhaz-language text [aqʷʼa]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'Sukhum'. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in Abaza.
A plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in Ubykh, due to its presence in the past tense suffix /-qʼɜ/Category:Pages with plain IPA. But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a pharyngealised version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five: [qʼɜqʼɜ]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'he said it', [mɨqʲʼ]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'small and round', [qʷʼɜ]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'to seize', [qˤʼɜqˤʼ]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'to chew', [qʷˤʼɜ]Category:Pages with plain IPA 'cavern'.
Examples
See also
References
- ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344330520_Abaza_A_grammatical_sketch
- ↑ Moros, George (2019). "Phonology of Mehweb". In Daniel, Michael; Dobrushina, Nina; Ganenkov, Dmitry (eds.). The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax. Languages of the Caucasus. Vol. 1. Berlin: Language Science Press. p. 24. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3402056. hdl:/20.500.12657/23417. ISBN 978-3-96110-208-2.
- ↑ Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006). "Standard Georgian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 36 (2): 255–264. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659. ISSN 1475-3502.
