Yugambeh language
Category:Use Australian English from June 2020Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Category:Use dmy dates from September 2017
| Yugambeh | |
|---|---|
| Minjungbal, Yugam | |
| MibanahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | |
| Region | Queensland, Australia |
| Ethnicity | Yugambeh |
Native speakers | 208 (2021)[1] |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xjb |
| Glottolog | twee1234 |
| AIATSIS[2] | E17 |
| ELP | Minjungbal |
Yugambeh (or Mibanah, from Mibanah gulgunCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text, lit. 'language of men' or 'sound of eagles'),[3][4] also known as Tweed-Albert Bandjalang, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Yugambeh living in South-East Queensland between and within the Logan River basin and the Tweed River basin, bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean (including South Stradbroke Island) and in the west by the Teviot Ranges and Teviot Brook basin.[5]
Yugambeh is a dialect cluster of two mutually intelligible dialects, one of four such clusters of the Bandjalangic branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family.[6]
Name
In the Yugambeh language, the word yugambehCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text means an emphatic 'no', 'never' i.e. 'very much no' and is a common exonym for the people and their language. Speakers of the language use the word mibanCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text which means 'man', 'human', 'wedge-tailed eagle' and is the preferred endonym for the people; they call their language MibanahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text meaning 'of man', 'of human', 'of eagle' (the -NahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text suffix forming the genitive of the word mibanCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text).[7][8][3][4][9][10]
Yugambeh may also be referred to as:
- Yugambir, Yugambeh (not to be confused with Yugambal/Yugumbal, a distinct language located further west[11])
- Yubumbee
- Jugumbir, Jukamba[12]
- Tweed-Albert language
- Nganduwal[13]
- Ngarangwal[7]
- Manaldjali (a variant of Mununjali, the name of a Yugambeh-speaking clan)
- Minjanbal (probably from Minjungbal, an alternate language term)[14]
Geographic distribution
Yugambeh is spoken within the Logan, Albert, Coomera, Nerang, and Tweed River basins.[7]
Dialects
Linguists such as Margaret Sharpe, relying on the previous work of others like Terry Crowley, described the Yugambeh language as having potentially upwards of 7 dialects. Recent analysis has found errors in these original studies and when corrected for these errors, two mutually intelligible dialects can be found; a western (freshwater) variety and an eastern (saltwater) variety with minor vocabulary differences.[6]
Some differences between the dialects as noted by linguist Shaun Davies:
| English | Eastern | Western |
|---|---|---|
| she | nyahnCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | nyuleganCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
| girl | yahgariCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | jabunyCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
App
The Yugambeh Museum in Beenleigh currently maintains a free dictionary app for the Yugambeh language, available on Android,[15] iOS[16] and a desktop version.[17]
Phonology
Vowels
Yugambeh has a vowel system of four vowels that also contrast in length, resulting in eight phonemic vowels in total. The letter "h" is used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | |
| Low | a aː | |
Allophones
The low central vowel /a/Category:Pages with plain IPA is fronted and raised between palatal consonants and a lateral/rhotic consonant.
Consonants
Compared to other Pama-Nyungan languages, Yugambeh has a smaller inventory of consonants. There are four places of articulation, with the consonants consisting of four obstruents, four nasals, two liquids, and two semivowels.
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | |
| Obstruent | p ⟨p⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | c ⟨ť⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ |
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | ŋ ⟨g⟩ | ɲ ⟨ň⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ |
| Lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | |||
| Rhotic | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | |||
| Semivowel | w ⟨w⟩ | j ⟨j⟩ | ||
Obstruents
Obstruents do not have a voicing contrast, and can appear as fricative allophones. Obstruents are phonetically voiceless, except when following a homorganic consonant.[18]
Grammar
The grammar of the Yugambeh language is highly agglutinative, making use of over 50 suffixes on nouns, verbs, adjectives, and demonstratives.
Noun morphology
Nouns take a number of suffixes to decline for grammatical case.
Suffixes
Noun suffixes are placed into ten orders. A noun may not take more than one suffix from any order, and if more than one suffix is attached they must always be in the set order of the suffix orders, e.g., an order 7 suffix must always come after an order 5 suffix.
'X' stands for a homorganic obstruent.
'N' stands for a homorganic nasal.
#The comitative, purposive, desiderative, ablative, and aversive suffixes are preceded by -bahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text on animate nouns.[19]
- 1st order suffixes
- -galiCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (typified by) – used to indicate an association or link
- Examples:
- JinanggaliCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'shoe' lit. 'typified by foot'
- DubaygaliCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'womaniser' lit. 'typified by women'
- Examples:
- -galiCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (typified by) – used to indicate an association or link
- 2nd order suffixes
- -ganCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (feminine) – used to form feminine nouns and some astrological terms
- Examples:
- YarabilnginganCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'female singer'
- Examples:
- -ganCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (feminine) – used to form feminine nouns and some astrological terms
- 3rd order suffixes
- -burCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (diminutive) – used to form the diminutive of a noun, referring to a smaller version
- Examples:
- BaraganburCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'toy boomerang'
- Examples:
- -burCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (diminutive) – used to form the diminutive of a noun, referring to a smaller version
- 4th order suffixes
- -NahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (possessive) – indicates current possession
- Examples:
- NgalingahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'our'
- GibamahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'of the moon/moon's'
- Examples:
- -NahjilCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (past possessive) – indicates past possession
- Examples:
- BilinahjilCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'was of the parrot' (Billinudgel)
- Examples:
- -NahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text (possessive) – indicates current possession
Verb morphology
Verbs are conjugated with suffixes. Yugambeh is an aspect-dominant language, as opposed to being tense-dominant like most Western languages. Suffixes mostly indicate aspect and mood.
Suffixes
Verb suffixes are placed in six orders. A verb may not take more than one suffix from a given order, and similar to nouns, suffixes are attached in a set order. Combinations of these suffixes express all possible conjugations of Yugambeh verbs, with only a small number of combinations possible. Yugambeh verb stems are commonly two syllables in length and always end in a vowel.[20]
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ba
'Causative' |
-ndi
'Carry whilst...' |
-li 'reflexive/passive' | -ja
'Past tense' |
-hn 'imperfective aspect' | -du 'habitual aspect' |
| -wa
'Repetitive' |
-hny 'potential mood' | -i 'preconditional' | |||
| -ma
'Causative' |
-h 'imperative' | -de 'preconditional' | |||
| -hla 'continuous aspect' | |||||
| -nah 'antechronous aspect' | |||||
| -nyun 'synchronous aspect' | |||||
| -luru 'historical past' | |||||
| -yan | |||||
| -yah 'purposive' | |||||
| -jin 'synchronous aspect' | |||||
| -n 'permissive' | |||||
| -ni 'perfective' |
Adjective morphology
Adjectives can be marked with a suffix to indicate the gender of the noun they qualify.[19]
Suffixes
| Gender | Suffix |
|---|---|
| Animate (male) | -bin |
| Animate (female) | -gan |
| Arboreal | -Nahn* |
| Neuter | -gay |
*N stands for a homorganic nasal.
Demonstratives
Yugambeh possesses a complicated set of demonstratives which make a three-way distinction among proximal, medial, and distal sets. There is a further distinguishing of demonstrative adjectives and location demonstratives. The adjective set can be additionally suffixed to create demonstrative pronouns. The adjective set has three forms for "things in sight", "things hidden or not in sight", and "things not there anymore", while the location set has forms to indicate the general area and definite area, whether in sight or not in sight, and past and present forms.[21]
Adjective set
| Demonstratives | Proximal (this) | Medial (that) | Distal (that over there) |
|---|---|---|---|
| In sight (sg) | galiCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | maliCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | giliCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
| In sight (plrl) | gahnyCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | mahnyCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | gahmCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
| Not in sight (sg) | gunahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | munahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | gilahCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
| Not in sight (plrl) | gunyehCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | munyehCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | gilyehCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
The above set can be suffixed with order 7 noun suffixes to form demonstrative pronouns that function like ordinary independent nouns. e.g. Yanindeh galini wungahbaia!Category:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'Take this with you!'
The 'not in sight' and 'not here anymore' forms can take the order 2 noun suffix -gan to form time words. e.g. gunahganCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text 'recently'.
Location set
| Demonstratives | Proximal (here) | Medial (there) | Distal (over there) |
|---|---|---|---|
| In sight (definite area) | gajiCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | majiCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | guhCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
| In sight (general area) | gunuCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | munuCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | gundehCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
| Not in sight (present) | gayuCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | mayuCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | guhyuCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
| Not in sight (past) | gayeCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | mayeCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text | guhyeCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text |
Syntax
Syntax in the Yugambeh language is fairly free, with a tendency towards SOV (subject–object–verb). Within noun phrases, adjectives and demonstratives (e.g., that man, a red car) stay adjacent to the noun they qualify.[22]
Place names
Modern place names with roots in the Yugambeh language include:[23]
- Billinudgel – from bilinahjilCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text, 'was of the parrot'
- Canungra – from gungungaCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text, 'a long flat or clearing'
- Coomera/Upper Coomera – from kumeraCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text, a species of wattle
- Jumpinpi – Pandanus root
- Mundoolun – from MundheralgunCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text, the local name for the Common death adder
- Nindooinbah – from ninduinbaCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text, 'the remains of a fire'
- Pimpama – from pimpimbaCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text, 'a place of soldier birds'
- Tabragalba – from dhaberigabaCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text, 'a place of clubs'
- Tallebudgera – rotten or decayed logs
- Wongawallan – from the words wongaCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text ('pigeon') and wallanCategory:Articles containing Minjungbal-language text ('water')
References
- ↑ https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx/ Australian Bureau of Statistics - 2021 Census
- 1 2 E17 Yugambeh at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- 1 2 Design, UBC Web. "Yugambeh Aboriginal War Memorial | Monument Australia". monumentaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- 1 2 "Memorial service for Yugambeh servicemen". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ↑ Yugambeh Museum web site introduction (web site by the Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture)
- 1 2 Davies, Shaun (1 January 2022). "Your Language is Dead, Go Learn Bundjalung: Those who said Yugambeh".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical - 1 2 3 Crowley, Terry (1978). The middle Clarence dialects of Bandjalang. Smythe, W. E. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. ISBN 0855750650. OCLC 6041138.
- ↑ Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3895867845. OCLC 62185149.
- ↑ "Edward Curr, The Australian Race" 1886. "THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: NO. 184,-THE CLARENCE RIVER" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ↑ Macquarie Aboriginal Words, Macquarie University, 1994, paperback ISBN 0-949757-79-9, chapter 1
- ↑ "Tindale Tribes – Jukambal". archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tindale Tribes – Jukambe". archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ↑ "Aboriginal Cultural Heritage". Tweed Regional Museum. Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tindale Tribes – Minjungbal". archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ↑ Museum, Yugambeh (16 June 2016), Yugambeh App, Yugambeh Museum, retrieved 18 September 2017Category:All articles with dead external linksCategory:Articles with dead external links from August 2019[dead link]
- ↑ "Yugambeh App on the App Store". App Store. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Yugambeh Museum". yugambeh.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ↑ Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Sounds of Yugambeh-Bundjalung". Grammar and Texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung Dialect Chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen, Germany: LINCOM. pp. 43–47. ISBN 3-89586-784-5.
- 1 2 Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Nouns, Adjectives and their Suffixes". Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp. 77–96. ISBN 3895867845. OCLC 62185149.
- ↑ Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "The Verbs". Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp. 57–74. ISBN 3895867845. OCLC 62185149.
- ↑ Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. LINCOM. pp. 97–102. ISBN 3-89586-784-5.
- ↑ Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Sentences and Clauses and Pronouns". Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp. 48–56. ISBN 3895867845. OCLC 62185149.
- ↑ "Indigenous Language Resources: South-East Qld Placenames" (PDF). State Library of Queensland.
Further reading
- Dictionary of Yugambeh Including Neighbouring Dialects, compiled by Margaret Sharpe, Pacific Linguistics: Australian National University, 1998. hdl:1885/145959 doi:10.15144/PL-C139
External links
- Borobi and His Friends Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback MachineCategory:Webarchive template wayback links, virtual book, read in Yugambeh language by Axel Best. From the State Library of Queensland virtual book collection. (requires Adobe Flash)
- Linguist List (2005) Synopsis of Grammar and Texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung Dialect Chain in Eastern Australia Accessed 20 May 2008
- Yugambeh (South East Queensland - Logan, Gold Coast, Scenic Rim) Community Language Journey Digital Story, State Library of Queensland
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