အဆက်လက္ကရဴ:ပညာရမျာၚ်ဂျာမာန်
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| // | Ball | ball |
| // | ich, durch | hue |
| // | dann | done |
| // | Dschungel | jungle |
| // | Fass, Vogel | fuss |
| // | Gast | guest |
| // | hat | hut |
| // | ja | yard |
| // | kalt, Tag | cold |
| // | Last | last |
| // | Mast | must |
| // | Naht | not |
| // | lang | long |
| // | Pakt, hab | puck |
| // | Pfahl | cupfull |
| // | Rast | like a French R (a voiced uvular fricative)[၁] |
| // | Wasser | fast |
| // | Schal, Stein | shall |
| // | Tal | tall |
| // | Zahl | cats |
| // | Matsch | match |
| // | was | vanish |
| //: [], [] | Bach[၂] | loch (Scottish) |
| // | Hase[၃] | hose |
| // | Genie | beige, measure |
| [] | Beamter[၄] ([bəˈʔamtɐ]) | the glottal stop in uh-oh! |
| Stress | ||
| Bahnhof ([ˈbaːnˌhoːf]) |
as in battleship [ˈbætəlˌʃɪp] | |
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| Monophthongs | ||
| // | Dach | bra (but shorter) |
| // | Bahn | bra |
| // | Beet | face |
| // | Bett, hätte | bed |
| // | wähle[၅] | as above but longer; like RP English barely |
| // | viel | meet |
| // | bist | sit |
| // | Boot | somewhat like bone |
| // | Post | boss |
| // | Öl | somewhat like hurl; French deux |
| // | göttlich | close to hurt or French sœur |
| // | Hut | true |
| // | Putz | took |
| // | Rübe | French rue |
| // | füllt | much like the above but shorter |
| Diphthongs | ||
| /aɪ̯/ | weit | tie |
| /aʊ̯/ | Haut | how |
| /ɔɪ̯/ | Heu, Räuber[၆] | boy |
| Reduced vowels | ||
| // | Ober[၇] | fun |
| // | halte | comma |
| Semivowels | ||
| /ɐ̯/ | Uhr | uh |
| /i̯/ | Studie | magnolia |
| /u̯/ | aktuell | visual |
| /y̯/ | Libyen | French huit |
| Unstressed full vowels | ||
| // | Methan | (short [eː]) |
| // | vital | city (short [iː]) |
| // | Moral | (short [oː]) |
| // | Ökonom | (short [øː]) |
| // | kulant | virtue (short [uː]) |
| // | Psychologie | (short [yː]) |
နိဿဲ
- ↑ In free variation with [ʀ] and also — in Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria — the voiced alveolar trill [r]. Compare /ɐ/.
- ↑ /x/ is realized as a uvular fricative [χ] after [a], [aː], and often [ʊ], [ɔ], and [aʊ].
- ↑ Predominantly realized as [z̥] (devoiced) or [s] (voiceless) in southern regions (Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria).
- ↑ The presence or absence of [ʔ] is not phonemic. In most standard varieties of German, all initial vowels are preceded by [ʔ]. However, this does not generally hold true for Swiss Standard German and most colloquial varieties.
- ↑ [ɛː] is often replaced by [eː], chiefly in northern and eastern Germany.
- ↑ Some references transcribe this diphthong as /ɔʏ/.
- ↑ Compare /ʁ/.