Wikimore

	Old Chinese
臤	kʰaːn, kʰriːn, ɡiːn, kʰins
掔	kʰriːn, kʰiːn
慳	*kʰriːn
藖	ɡriːn, ɡriːns
堅	*kiːn
鋻	kiːn, kiːns
鰹	*kiːn
蜸	*kʰiːnʔ
菣	kʰiːns, kʰins
賢	*ɡiːn
礥	ɡiːn, ɢrin
臔	*ɡiːnʔ
挋	*kiŋs
臣	*ɡiŋ
茞	*ɡiŋ
腎	*ɡjinʔ
頣	*hŋiŋʔ
緊	*kinʔ
嚚	*ŋɡriŋ
鏗	*kʰreːŋ
摼	*kʰreːŋ
硻	*kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kiːn)Category:Han phono-semantic compounds#土08: phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins)Category:Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#堅 + semantic 土.

Etymology 1

trad.		堅
simp.		坚

Compare perhaps Burmese ကျဉ် (kyany, “to tingle”) (Schuessler, 2007) or ကြည်း (krany:, “dry land”) (Luce, 1981).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiān (jian¹Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#堅)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiǎn
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gin¹

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): gin¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gen¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiên / kiân

(Hailu, HRS): gien^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): gian¹
Jin (Wiktionary): jie¹
Northern Min (KCR): gíng
Eastern Min (BUC): giĕng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geng¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kian

(Teochew, Peng'im): giêng¹ / giang¹

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gieng¹
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gyun¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹ci / ¹cie / ¹cien
- (Jinhua): ¹cie; ¹cian
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jienn¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jian
  - Wade–Giles: chien¹
  - Yale: jyān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: jiǎn
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiã²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gin¹
  - Yale: gīn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gin¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kin²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ken³³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
  - Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân
  - Hakka Romanization System: gian^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /kien⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kian⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jie¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: geng¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: geng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛŋ⁵⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
  - Tâi-lô: kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giêng¹ / giang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kieng / kiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ³³/, /kiaŋ³³/

Note:

giêng1 - Chaozhou;
giang1 - Shantou.

- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: gieng¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kieŋ³⁵/
Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: gyun¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyn⁵³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ¹ci
  - MiniDict: ci^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ji
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ci⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡ɕi⁵²/
- (Northern: Jiading, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing)
  - Wugniu: ¹cie
  - MiniDict: cie^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /t͡ɕɪ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡ɕɪ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /t͡ɕɪ⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /t͡ɕɪ⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /t͡ɕie⁵³/
- (Northern: Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ¹cien
  - MiniDict: cien^平
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕiẽ̞³³⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /t͡ɕiẽ⁵²/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /t͡ɕĩ⁵³/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ¹cie; ¹cian
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /t͡ɕie³³⁴/, /t͡ɕiã³³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: jienn¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ẽ³³/

Middle Chinese: ken

Rime
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古賢切
Baxter	ken
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ken/
Pan Wuyun	/ken/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛn/
Li Rong	/ken/
Wang Li	/kien/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤi[ŋ]/

(Zhengzhang): /*kiːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ ken ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁi[ŋ]/
English	solid, strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.