lutra
Esperanto
Pronunciation
Adjective
lutra (accusative singular lutran, plural lutraj, accusative plural lutrajn)Category:Esperanto lemmas#LUTRACategory:Esperanto adjectives#LUTRACategory:Esperanto entries with incorrect language header#LUTRACategory:Pages with entries#LUTRACategory:Pages with 4 entries#LUTRACategory:Esperanto adjectives with red links in their headword lines#LUTRACategory:Esperanto adjectives with red links in their headword lines#LUTRACategory:Esperanto adjectives with red links in their headword lines#LUTRA
Hypernyms
Related terms
- lutro (“otter”)
Latin
Alternative forms
- lytra (Classical Latin)
- *lutria, *luntra, *nutria, *luttra, etc. (Vulgar Latin)
- luter, lutrea, lutreus, lutrius, lutrum, lutrus (Medieval Latin)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#LUTRACategory:Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#LUTRA *udr-eh₂,[n 1] the feminine noun of *udrós (“sea animal, otter”, literally “of water”).[n 2][1][2][3] The l- was likely introduced by analogy of some other word, such as lavō (“to wash”), lūdō (“to play”), lupus (“wolf”)[3] or lutum (“mud, dirt”).[2][4] See § descendants notes for information on the Varro form with -y- and the medieval forms.
Pronunciation
Noun
lutra f (genitive lutrae)Category:Latin lemmas#LUTRACategory:Latin nouns#LUTRACategory:Latin first declension nouns#LUTRACategory:Latin feminine nouns in the first declension#LUTRACategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#LUTRACategory:Latin feminine nouns#LUTRACategory:Pages with entries#LUTRACategory:Pages with 4 entries#LUTRA; first declension
- an otter Category:la:Mustelids#LUTRA
- 77 CE – 79 CE, Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 8.109:
- Eāsdem partēs sibi ipsī Ponticī amputant fibrī perīculō urgente, ob hoc sē petī gnārī; castoreum id vocant medicī. Aliās animal horrendī morsūs arborēs iuxtā flūmina ut ferrō caedit, hominis parte conprehēnsā nōn ante quam frācta concrepuerint ossa morsūs resolvit. Cauda piscium hīs, cētera speciēs lutrae. Utrumque aquāticum, utrīque mollior plūmā pilus.
- Pontic beavers cut off their same parts in urgent danger, on account of which they are known to be hunted; doctors call this castor. Other times, the animal with an awesome bite fells trees near rivers as if with iron, they don't let go of their bites when a part of a human is caught until the bones crack broken. These have a fish's tail, the rest of the appearance is of an otter. Both aquatic, the hair of both softer than fluff.
- Eāsdem partēs sibi ipsī Ponticī amputant fibrī perīculō urgente, ob hoc sē petī gnārī; castoreum id vocant medicī. Aliās animal horrendī morsūs arborēs iuxtā flūmina ut ferrō caedit, hominis parte conprehēnsā nōn ante quam frācta concrepuerint ossa morsūs resolvit. Cauda piscium hīs, cētera speciēs lutrae. Utrumque aquāticum, utrīque mollior plūmā pilus.
Declension
First-declension noun.
Derived terms
Descendant notes
- The initial consonant oscillates from l-, *n- to *∅-, a very common oscillation in Romance, as l- and n- are easily rebracketable as the definite and indefinite article respectively. The n- was most likely introduced by influence of the Ancient Greek cognate ἔνυδρις (énudris, “otter”).[4][2] The absence of any initial consonant, found solely in Italo-Romance, could be analysable as crossing with an unattested pre-classical Latin form or of the pre-Roman Italic substrate, as the l- is unetymological in Latin (see etymology).
- The form *luntra gets its nasal likely by metathesis and dissimilation of the initial *n- explained above, presumably through a form *nuntra.[4][5]
- The first vowel is in many Italo-Romance lects fronted to *-i-, again most likely under the influence of the Ancient Greek ἔνυδρις (énudris).[4][2] The form lytra, attested already in Varro, might reflect this.
- The ending in many lects, and as already attested in Medieval Latin, is altered to *-ia, again under the influence of Ancient Greek ἔνυδρις, -ιος (énudris, -ios).[4][5]
- The Gallo-Romance form *luttra retains its voiceless /t/ under the influence of its Frankish cognate *otr (“otter”).[4] Spanish and Aragonese forms also irregularly retain a voiceless /t/, though this is generally explained as influence of Mozarabic or of some southern Italian lect.[5]
Descendants
- Italo-Romance:
- Padanian:
- Northern Gallo-Romance:
- Old French: leurre
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *luttra
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *luntr(i)a:
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *lutria, *nutria, *utria
- Italo-Romance:
- Padanian:
- Northern Gallo-Romance:
- Old French: loirre
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
- Ibero-Romance:
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *nitria, *itria, *litria
- Borrowings:
Notes
- ↑ The development of PIE *-dr- to Latin -tr- is expected. Compare taeter, vitrum and uter.
- ↑ Cognate with Sanskrit उद्र (udrá, “otter”)Category:Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#LUTRA, Ancient Greek ὕδρος (húdros, “sea snake”), Proto-Germanic *utraz (“otter”), Proto-Slavic *vỳdra (“otter”).
References
- ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “9. […] b) au̯ed-, aud-, ū̆d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 79
- 1 2 3 4 Walde, Alois; Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938), “lutra”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 840
- 1 2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “lutra”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “lŭtra”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 477
- 1 2 3 Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (1985), “nutria”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic etymological dictionary] (in Spanish), volume IV (Me–Re), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 252
Further reading
- “lūtra”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- "lutra", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- “lutra”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Anagrams
Romansh
Alternative forms
Etymology
From LatinCategory:Romansh terms inherited from Latin#LUTRACategory:Romansh terms derived from Latin#LUTRA lutra.
Noun
lutra fCategory:Romansh lemmas#LUTRACategory:Romansh nouns#LUTRACategory:Romansh entries with incorrect language header#LUTRACategory:Romansh feminine nouns#LUTRACategory:Pages with entries#LUTRACategory:Pages with 4 entries#LUTRA (plural lutras)
Category:rm:Mustelids#LUTRASicilian
Noun
lutra f (plural lutri)Category:Sicilian lemmas#LUTRACategory:Sicilian nouns#LUTRACategory:Sicilian entries with incorrect language header#LUTRACategory:Sicilian feminine nouns#LUTRACategory:Pages with entries#LUTRACategory:Pages with 4 entries#LUTRA
- alternative form of itria
Descendants
- → Maltese: lutra