malus
English
Etymology 1
From LatinCategory:English terms borrowed from Latin#MALUSCategory:English terms derived from Latin#MALUS malus, by analogy with bonus (“additional compensation”). Doublet of malCategory:English doublets#MALUS.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈmeɪ.ləs/, /ˈmɑː.ləs/, /ˈmæ.ləs/Category:English 2-syllable words#MALUSCategory:English 2-syllable words#MALUSCategory:English 2-syllable words#MALUSCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#MALUS
Category:English terms with audio pronunciation#MALUSAudio (Southern England): (file)
Category:English terms with audio pronunciation#MALUSAudio (Southern England): (file)
Category:English terms with audio pronunciation#MALUSAudio (Southern England): (file)
Noun
malus (plural maluses or mali)Category:English lemmas#MALUSCategory:English nouns#MALUSCategory:English countable nouns#MALUSCategory:English nouns with irregular plurals#MALUSCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#MALUSCategory:Pages with entries#MALUSCategory:Pages with 3 entries#MALUS
- (businessCategory:en:Business#MALUS) The loss or return of performance-related compensation originally paid by an employer to an employee as a result of the discovery of a defect in the performance.
- When bank fired the loan originator, they recovered the last two years of her bonuses under the malus clause in her contract.Category:English terms with usage examples#MALUS
- c. 1997, ASTIN Bulletin, page 48:
- The existence of boni and mali for the different risks can be interpreted through the sign of estimated covariances.Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
- 2000, Jean Pinquet, “Experience Rating through Heterogeneous Models”, in Georges Dionne, editor, Handbook of Insurance, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 462:
- If the boni and mali do not depend on the frequency of claims, the average bonus-malus coefficient increases with the frequency.Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
- 2008, Henner Gimpel, Nicolas R. Jennings, Gregory E. Kersten, Axel Ockenfels, Christof Weinhardt, Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering: International Seminar, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, November 12-17, 2006, Revised Selected Papers, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 62:
- Bidders with inferior quality, higher transport costs or additional switching costs receive a Malus which decreases their bid automatically to incorporate the disadvantages. Bonus Malus Auctions are used by about 50% of all companies.Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
- 2014, Akmal Akramkhanov, Bernhard Tischbein, Usman Khalid Awan, “Effective management of soil salinity – revising leaching norms”, in John P. A. Lamers, Asia Khamzina, Inna Rudenko, Paul L. G. Vlek, editors, Restructuring Land Allocation, Water Use and Agricultural Value Chains: Technologies, Policies and Practices for the Lower Amudarya Region, V & R unipress, Bonn University Press, →ISBN, page 131:
- Akramkhanov et al. (2010) also suggested a system of boni and mali on taxes to support the implementation of measures to achieve both water saving and salinity control (Table 3.3.1).Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
- 2016, David Aveiro, Robert Pergl, Duarte Gouveia, Advances in Enterprise Engineering X: 6th Enterprise Engineering Working Conference, EEWC 2016, Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, May 30-June 3 2016, Proceedings, Springer, →ISBN, page 26:
- If both the estimated payment- and checking-rate is not above a threshold in a district, the contracted party will receive a malus for that district, and no bonus for any other district.Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
- (rareCategory:English terms with rare senses#MALUS) A penalty or negative thing.
- 2016, Rosa Bottino, Johan Jeuring, Remco C. Veltkamp, Games and Learning Alliance: 5th International Conference, GALA 2016, Utrecht, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2016, Proceedings, Springer, →ISBN, page 305:
- The driver game has a game screen with less number of properties and representations (see Fig. 3(a)). […] If the user completes a level within the allocated time, then the user gets a bonus and will be advanced to another level[,] and if user is unable to complete a level, then a malus is provided and the user gets retained in the same level.Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
Usage notes
- May occur in financial services in connection with defaulted loans.
Synonyms
Coordinate terms
Related terms
Etymology 2
From LatinCategory:English terms borrowed from Latin#MALUSCategory:English terms derived from Latin#MALUS mālus and translingualCategory:English terms borrowed from Translingual#MALUSCategory:English terms derived from Translingual#MALUS Malus.
Pronunciation
Noun
malus (plural maluses)Category:English lemmas#MALUSCategory:English nouns#MALUSCategory:English countable nouns#MALUSCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#MALUSCategory:Pages with entries#MALUSCategory:Pages with 3 entries#MALUS
- A plant of the genus Malus (the apples).
- 1922, Gardener’s Chronicle of America, volume 26, page 228, column 2:
- It leads to a certain extent to an evergreen type Docynia which is distributed in the Himalayas and western China and whose magnificence of bloom I learned to know on my travels in Yunnan; it is distinct from genuine maluses.Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
- 1959, Gardeners Chronicle & Gardening Illustrated, volume 145, page 65, column 2:
- Malus ‘Dartmouth’ is a variety of M. pumila, the wild crab-apple, and is only one of the several maluses which offer a wider choice than the commonly planted ‘John Downie,’ lemoinei and eleyi.Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
- 1968, Agriculture in Northern Ireland, volume 43, page 290:
- In gardens which are rather open and exposed, the ornamental crabs or maluses are generally less satisfactory than the cherries as flowering trees.Category:English terms with quotations#MALUS
Synonyms
Etymology 3
Noun
malusCategory:English non-lemma forms#MALUSCategory:English noun forms#MALUSCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#MALUSCategory:Pages with entries#MALUSCategory:Pages with 3 entries#MALUS
Anagrams
Category:en:Pome fruits#MALUSLatin
Etymology 1
UncertainCategory:Latin terms with unknown etymologies#MALUS. Perhaps from Proto-ItalicCategory:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic#MALUSCategory:Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic#MALUS *malos, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#MALUSCategory:Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#MALUS *mol-o- (“bad?”), from *(s)mel-. Within Italic, the term is probably connected to Oscan mallom, mallud (“bad”). More broadly, it is perhaps related to Old Irish mell (“destruction”), Ancient Greek μέλεος (méleos, “idle, unhappy”), Lithuanian mẽlas (“lie”), and the first element of Ancient Greek βλάσφημος (blásphēmos, “jinx”). De Vaan, however, considers this etymology uncertain, arguing that this word family consists of "largely isolated words in different IE branches".[1]
Earlier associated with Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”), but support for this is waning. Also compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (mairiia, “treacherous”) and Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirtiness, impurity”).
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Adjective
malus (feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative peior, superlative pessimus, adverb male)Category:Latin lemmas#MALUSCategory:Latin adjectives#MALUSCategory:Latin first and second declension adjectives#MALUSCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#MALUSCategory:Pages with entries#MALUSCategory:Pages with 3 entries#MALUS; first/second-declension adjective
- unpleasant, distressing, painful, nasty, bad
- Abī in malam crucem, malum cruciātum. ― Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Mala rēs. ― Trouble, bad business.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Mala aetās. ― Old age.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- unpleasant to the senses, sight, smell, taste, touch
- Mala faciēs. ― Ugly face.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- bad, evil, wicked, mischievous
- Malus et nēquam homō. ― An evil and wicked man.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Dolus malus. ― Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- 166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 164:
- Mala mēns, malus animus.
- An evil mind, an evil heart.
(In other words, what one says and does reveal that person’s inner character.)
- An evil mind, an evil heart.
- Mala mēns, malus animus.
- destructive, hurtful, noxious, evil
- Consuētūdō mala. ― A bad habit.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Mala vōta, carmina susurrāre. ― To whisper evil spells, incantations.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- unkind, hostile, abusive
- Mala verba. ― Abuses.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- associated with bad luck, unlucky, unfavourable, unfortunate, adverse, evil
- Mala tempestās. ― Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Malam fāmam ferre. ― To bring bad reputation, ill fame.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Malīs avibus. ― Under evil auspices. (literally, “Under bad birds.”)Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Reliquiae malae pugnae. ― Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- poor in condition or capacity, inept
- Mala merx/mers. ― A bad lot (of persons).Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Malā mente esse. ― To be out of one's mind.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- Pessimus poēta. ― The worst poet.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
Declension
First/second-declension adjective.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | malus | mala | malum | malī | malae | mala | |
| genitive | malī | malae | malī | malōrum | malārum | malōrum | |
| dative | malō | malae | malō | malīs | |||
| accusative | malum | malam | malum | malōs | malās | mala | |
| ablative | malō | malā | malō | malīs | |||
| vocative | male | mala | malum | malī | malae | mala | |
Synonyms
Antonyms
Derived terms
Descendants
- Asturian: malu
- Bourguignon: mal
- Champenois: mau
- Dalmatian: mul
- Friulian: mâl
- Italian: malo
- Padanian:
- Romagnol: mêl
- Old French: mal
- Old Occitan: mal
- Occitan: mal
- Old Galician-Portuguese: mao
- Romansh: mal, mel
- Sardinian: malu, malosu
- Sicilian: malu
- Spanish: mal, malo (see there for further descendants)
- → English: malus
Etymology 2
From Ancient GreekCategory:Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek#MALUS μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Noun
mālus f (genitive mālī)Category:Latin lemmas#MALUSCategory:Latin nouns#MALUSCategory:Latin second declension nouns#MALUSCategory:Latin feminine nouns in the second declension#MALUSCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#MALUSCategory:Latin feminine nouns#MALUSCategory:Pages with entries#MALUSCategory:Pages with 3 entries#MALUS; second declension
- an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae.
- Malus bifera.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.
- Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.
- Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.Category:Latin terms with usage examples#MALUS
- The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.
Declension
Second-declension noun.
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
Etymology 3
UncertainCategory:Latin terms with unknown etymologies#MALUS. De Vaan suggests that the term could derive from Proto-ItalicCategory:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic#MALUSCategory:Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic#MALUS *mazdo-, itself perhaps from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#MALUSCategory:Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#MALUS *mh₂sdo-. However, De Vaan notes that a comparison with Proto-Germanic *mastaz and Middle Irish maide (“stick”) requires a pre-form *mādos with a shift of d to l. Schrijver, alternatively, connects the term with mās (“male”) The uncertain etymology allows for the possibility of a substrate origin.[2][3]
Pronunciation
Noun
mālus m (genitive mālī)Category:Latin lemmas#MALUSCategory:Latin nouns#MALUSCategory:Latin second declension nouns#MALUSCategory:Latin masculine nouns in the second declension#MALUSCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#MALUSCategory:Latin masculine nouns#MALUSCategory:Pages with entries#MALUSCategory:Pages with 3 entries#MALUS; second declension
- a mast of a ship
- Antemnas ad malos destinare.
- To fasten the sails to the masts.
- Malum erigi imperavit.
- He has ordered the mast to be erected.
- Attolli malos.
- The masts are lifted.
- a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached
- the beam in the middle of a winepress
- the corner beams of a tower
- Turrium mali.
- Beams of the towers.
- c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22:
- nostrarum turrium altitudinem [...] commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant
- They equaled the height of our towers [...] by the beams of their towers spliced together
- nostrarum turrium altitudinem [...] commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant
Declension
Second-declension noun.
References
- ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “malus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 360
- ↑ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 167
- ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “mālus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 361
Further reading
- “malus (adjective)”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “malus (tree)”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “malus (mast)”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “malus (adjective)”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “malus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- "malus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- (ambiguous) to be broken down by misfortune: in malis iacere
- (ambiguous) to be hard pressed by misfortune: malis urgeri
- (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo
- (ambiguous) moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
- (ambiguous) to take a thing in good (bad) part: in bonam (malam) partem accipere aliquid
- (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animus praesāgit malum
- (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animo praesagio malum
- (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: conscientia mala or peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti
- (ambiguous) to be tormented by remorse: conscientia mala angi, excruciari
- (ambiguous) to bless (curse) a person: precari alicui bene (male) or omnia bona (mala), salutem
- (ambiguous) from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.)
- (ambiguous) to be broken down by misfortune: in malis iacere
- “malus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “malus” on page 1069 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Malecite-Passamaquoddy
Noun
malus anim (plural malusiyik)Category:Malecite-Passamaquoddy lemmas#MALUSCategory:Malecite-Passamaquoddy nouns#MALUSCategory:Malecite-Passamaquoddy entries with incorrect language header#MALUSCategory:Malecite-Passamaquoddy animate nouns#MALUSCategory:Pages with entries#MALUSCategory:Pages with 3 entries#MALUS
References
- Francis, David A. with Leavitt, Robert R. and Apt, Margaret (2008), “malus”, in The Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Dictionary, The Passamaquoddy Language Preservation Project