Wikimore

Hill, Nathan W. (2017), “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient‎, volume 103, pages 386—429

Chinese

simp. and trad.		仍

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 仍
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Small seal script s05762 Transcribed ancient scripts L33480 L33481 L11443 L11444 L11445 L11446
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (乃) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
乃	*nɯːʔ
鼐	nɯːʔ, nɯːs
疓	*njɯːʔ
奶	*rneːlʔ
仍	*njɯŋ
艿	*njɯŋ
辸	*njɯŋ
礽	*njɯŋ
扔	njɯŋ, njɯŋs
芿	*njɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njɯŋ)Category:Han phono-semantic compounds#人02: semantic 亻 + phonetic 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ)Category:Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#仍.

Etymology

“to be done repeatedly; as before”: A terminative derivation from 二 (OC *njis, “two”), literally “got to be done twice/again”. Alternatively, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan Category:Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan#人02 Category:Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan#人02 *s-n(j)aŋ (“to follow; to repeat”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): réng (reng²Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#仍)

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄥˊ

Category:Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ren²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jing⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngen³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yìn

(Meixian, Guangdong): yin²
Jin (Wiktionary): reng¹
Northern Min (KCR): īng
Eastern Min (BUC): ĭng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zing²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lêng / jiông

(Teochew, Peng'im): rêng⁵ / rong⁵
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gnin / ⁶zen / ²zen / ²dzen / ²gnin / ²jin / ⁴dzen / ²zhien / ⁴zen / ⁵gnin
- (Jinhua): ²jin; ²dzin
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ren²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: réng
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: réng
  - Wade–Giles: jêng²
  - Yale: réng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: reng
  - Palladius: жэн (žɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐɤŋ³⁵/

Note: Pronounced as rēng or rěng dialectally.

- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ren²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhen
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /zən²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jing⁴
  - Yale: yìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jing⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ying⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngen³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡen²²/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: in^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yin²
  - Sinological IPA: /in¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)in^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yin²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)in¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yin²
  - Sinological IPA: /in¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: reng¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐəŋ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: īng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ĭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zing²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cíng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zing²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng
  - Tâi-lô: lîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: leeng
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiông
  - Tâi-lô: jiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jioong
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziɔŋ¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: rêng⁵ / rong⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jêng / jông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡zeŋ⁵⁵/, /d͡zoŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gnin
  - MiniDict: nyin^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyin
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲin²³/
- (Northern: Shanghai, Kunshan)
  - Wugniu: ⁶zen
  - MiniDict: zen^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zen
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /zən²¹³/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Suzhou, Tongxiang, Haining, Deqing)
  - Wugniu: ²zen
  - MiniDict: zen^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /zəŋ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /zəŋ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /zən²²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /zən²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Haining): /zən¹¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Deqing): /zən²¹³/
- (Northern: Yixing, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Xiaoshan, Fuyang, Shaoxing, Cixi)
  - Wugniu: ²dzen
  - MiniDict: dzen^平
  - MiniDict: dzeon^平
  - Sinological IPA (Yixing): /d͡zən²²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /d͡zəŋ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /d͡zen²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiaoshan): /d͡zəŋ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Fuyang): /d͡zeŋ¹¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /d͡zəŋ²³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Cixi): /d͡zəŋ¹⁴/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Tongxiang, Haining, Hangzhou, Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu: ²gnin
  - MiniDict: nyin^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /n̠ʲiŋ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /n̠ʲiŋ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /n̠ʲin²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Haining): /n̠ʲin¹¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /n̠ʲin²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /n̠ʲiŋ²³¹/
- (Northern: Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ²jin
  - MiniDict: jin^平
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /d͡ʑiŋ²³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /d͡ʑiŋ³¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /d͡ʑiŋ²²/
- (Northern: Chongming)
  - Wugniu: ⁴dzen
  - MiniDict: dzen^上
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /d͡zən²⁴²/
- (Northern: Jingjiang)
  - Wugniu: ²zhien
  - Sinological IPA (Jingjiang): /ʑiəŋ²¹³/
- (Northern: Chuansha)
  - Wugniu: ⁴zen
  - Sinological IPA (Chuansha): /zən²¹³/
- (Northern: Fuyang)
  - Wugniu: ⁵gnin
  - Sinological IPA (Fuyang): /n̠ʲiŋ³³⁵/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ²jin; ²dzin
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /d͡ʑiŋ³¹³/, /d͡ziŋ³¹³/

Note:

Shanghai:
- 6zen - literary;
- 6gnin - vernacular.
Fuyang:
- 2dzen - literary;
- 5gnin - vernacular.
Haining, Jiading:
- 2zen - literary;
- 2gnin - vernacular.
Hangzhou:
- 2dzen - traditional;
- 2gnin - new-styled, influenced by the surrounding dialects.
Shaoxing:
- 2dzeon - literary;
- 2jin - literary (as in 仍舊);
- 2gnin - vernacular.
Songjiang, Tongxiang:
- 2zen - literary;
- 2gnin - vernacular.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ren²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 仍
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʐəŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʐəŋ⁴⁴/ /ʐəŋ²¹³/
	Tianjin	/iŋ⁴⁵/ /ʐəŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʐəŋ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/ləŋ⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ʐəŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʐəŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/ʐə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʐəŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/və̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʐɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nən²¹³/
	Chengdu	/zən³¹/
	Guiyang	/zen²¹/
	Kunming	/ʐə̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʐən²⁴/ /ʐən²¹²/
	Hefei	/ʐən⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/zəŋ⁵³/
	Pingyao
	Hohhot	/ʐə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/zəŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/zən¹³/
	Hangzhou	/zen²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/zeŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/iʌ̃³¹/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/ʐən¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/in¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/in¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/in¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jeŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/jeŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jiŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/liŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/iŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/zoŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zeŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: nying

Rime
Character	仍
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	如乗切
Baxter	nying
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵɨŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑieŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵiŋ/
Li Rong	/ȵiəŋ/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭəŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯əŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	réng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jing⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nəŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*njɯŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	仍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	réng
Middle Chinese	‹ nying ›
Old Chinese	/*nəŋ/
English	repeat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.