Etymology

From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ABSTRACTCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ABSTRACT abstract, borrowed from LatinCategory:English terms derived from Latin#ABSTRACT abstractus, perfect passive participle of abstrahō (“draw away”), formed from abs- (“away”) + trahō (“to pull, draw”). The verbal sense is first attested in 1542.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation)
  • (noun) IPA^(key): /ˈæbˌstɹækt/Category:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT
  • (adjective) IPA^(key): /ˈæbˌstɹækt/Category:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT
  • (verb) IPA^(key): /ˌæbˈstɹækt/, /əbˈstɹækt/Category:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

    Category:English terms with audio pronunciation#ABSTRACT

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

    Category:English terms with audio pronunciation#ABSTRACT

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

    Category:English terms with audio pronunciation#ABSTRACT
• (General American)
  • (noun) IPA^(key): /ˈæbˌstɹækt/Category:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT
  • (adjective) IPA^(key): /ˌæbˈstɹækt/, /əbˈstɹækt/, /ˈæbˌstɹækt/Category:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT
  • (verb) IPA^(key): /ˌæbˈstɹækt/, /əbˈstɹækt/Category:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English 2-syllable words#ABSTRACTCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT
• Rhymes: -æktCategory:Rhymes:English/ækt#ABSTRACTCategory:Rhymes:English/ækt/2 syllables#ABSTRACT

Noun

abstract (plural abstracts)Category:English lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:English nouns#ABSTRACTCategory:English countable nouns#ABSTRACTCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT

1. An abridgement or summary of a longer publication. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]
   • 1741, I[saac] Watts, The Improvement of the Mind: Or, A Supplement to the Art of Logick: […], London: […] James Brackstone, […], →OCLC:

     An analysis and abstract of every treatise he had read.

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

2. Something that concentrates in itself the qualities of a larger item, or multiple items. [First attested in the mid 16^th century.]^[1]
   • 1628, John Ford, The Lover's Melancholy:

     Man, the abstract Of all perfection, which the workmanship Of Heaven hath modeled.

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

     Category:Quotation templates to be cleaned
   1. Concentrated essence of a product.
   2. (medicineCategory:en:Medicine#ABSTRACT) A powdered solid extract of a medicinal substance mixed with lactose.^[2]
3. An abstraction; an abstract term; that which is abstract. [First attested in the mid 16^th century.]^[1]
   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, chapter II, in A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], →OCLC, page 54:

     Thus the concrete like has its abstract likeness; the concretes, father and son, have the abstracts, paternity and filiation.

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

4. The theoretical way of looking at things; something that exists only in idealized form. [First attested in the early 17^th century.]^[1]
5. (artCategory:en:Art#ABSTRACT) An abstract work of art. [First attested in the early 20^th century.]
6. (real estateCategory:en:Real estate#ABSTRACT) A summary title of the key points detailing a tract of land, for ownership; abstract of title.

Adjective

abstract (comparative more abstract or abstracter, superlative most abstract or abstractest)Category:English lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:English adjectives#ABSTRACTCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT^[3]

1. (obsoleteCategory:English terms with obsolete senses#ABSTRACT) Derived; extracted. [Attested from around 1350 to 1470 until the late 15^th century.]^[1]
2. (now rareCategory:English terms with rare senses#ABSTRACT) Drawn away; removed from; apart from; separate. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]
   • 17th century, John Norris (philosopher), The Oxford Dictionary:

     The more abstract we are from the body ... the more fit we shall be to behold divine light.

3. Not concrete: conceptual, ideal. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]

   Synonyms: conceptual, ideal, imaginary, incorporeal, intangible, nonempirical, theoretical

   Antonyms: actual, concrete, corporeal, empirical

   Her new film is an abstract piece, combining elements of magic realism, flashbacks, and animation but with very little in terms of plot construction.Category:English terms with usage examples#ABSTRACT

   1. Insufficiently factual.^[3]

      Synonym: formal

   2. Apart from practice or reality; vague; theoretical; impersonal; not applied.
      • 1999, Nicholas Walker, “The Reorientation of Critical Theory: Habermas”, in Simon Glemdinning, editor, The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy‎, Routledge, →ISBN, page 489:

        During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, this commitment brought him into frequent critical confrontation with entrenched forms of conservative thinking (in academic areas from history and social science to the more abstract domains of ethical and political philosophy), […]

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

      Synonyms: conceptual, theoretical

      Antonyms: applied, practical

   3. (grammarCategory:en:Grammar#ABSTRACT) As a noun, denoting a concept or intangible as opposed to an object, place, or person.
4. Difficult to understand; abstruse; hard to conceptualize. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]

   The politician gave a somewhat abstract answer when asked about their plans to cut spending.Category:English terms with usage examples#ABSTRACT

   • 1929, Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms:

     Abstract words such as glory, honour, courage, or hallow were obscene.

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

   Synonym: abstruse

5. Separately expressing a property or attribute of an object that is considered to be inherent to that object: attributive, ascriptive. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]

   Synonyms: attributive, ascriptive

   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, volume 1, page 34:

     A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing...

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

6. Pertaining comprehensively to, or representing, a class or group of objects, as opposed to any specific object; considered apart from any application to a particular object: general, generic, nonspecific; representational. [First attested by Locke in 1689.]

   Synonyms: general, generalized, generic, nonspecific, representational

   Antonyms: discrete, specific, particular, precise

   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, volume 1, page 34:

     A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. […] A practice, however, has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression "abstract name" to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes.

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

   • 2012, Laurence, Stephen and Margolis, Eric, Abstraction and the Origin of General Ideas, Philosophers' Imprint volume 12, no. 19, December 2012:

     Given their opposition to innate ideas, philosophers in the empiricist tradition have sought to explain how the rich and multifarious representational capacities that human beings possess derive from experience. A key explanatory strategy in this tradition, tracing back at least as far as John Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, is to maintain that the acquisition of many of these capacities can be accounted for by a process of abstraction. In fact, Locke himself claims in the Essay that abstraction is the source of all general ideas (1690/1975, II, xii, §1). Although Berkeley and Hume were highly critical of Locke, abstraction as a source of generality has been a lasting theme in empiricist thought.

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT
7. (archaicCategory:English terms with archaic senses#ABSTRACT) Absent-minded. [First attested in the early 16^th century.]^[1]
   • 1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, line 1099:

     Abſtract as in a tranſe methought I ſaw,
     abstract, as in a trance

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

   • 1922, D. H. Lawrence, Aaron's Rod:

     White and abstract-looking, he sat and ate his dinner.

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

8. (artCategory:en:Art#ABSTRACT) Pertaining to the formal aspect of art, such as the lines, colors, shapes, and the relationships among them. [First attested in the mid 19^th century.]^[1]
   1. (artCategory:en:Art#ABSTRACT, often capitalized) Free from representational qualities, in particular the non-representational styles of the 20^th century. [First attested in the mid 19^th century.]^[1]
      • 1921, Aldous Huxley, chapter 12, in Crome Yellow‎, London: Chatto & Windus:

        But his design is wonderful. He’s getting more and more abstract every day. He’d given up the third dimension when I was there and was just thinking of giving up the second. Soon, he says, there’ll be just the blank canvas. That’s the logical conclusion. Complete abstraction.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

   2. (musicCategory:en:Music#ABSTRACT) Absolute.
   3. (danceCategory:en:Dance#ABSTRACT) Lacking a story.
9. (object-oriented programmingCategory:en:Object-oriented programming#ABSTRACT, of a class) Being a partial basis for subclasses rather than a complete template for objects.

Verb

abstract (third-person singular simple present abstracts, present participle abstracting, simple past and past participle abstracted)Category:English lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:English verbs#ABSTRACTCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT

1. (transitiveCategory:English transitive verbs#ABSTRACT) To separate; to disengage. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]^[1]
   • 1822, [Walter Scott], Peveril of the Peak. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC:

     He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution abstracted from his own prejudices.

     Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

   1. (transitiveCategory:English transitive verbs#ABSTRACT) To remove; to take away; withdraw. [First attested in the late 15^th century.]^[1]
      • 1834, Harriet Martineau, Illustration of Political Economy, volume IX:

        The lightning of the public burdens, which at present abstract a large proportion of profits and wages.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

   2. (transitiveCategory:English transitive verbs#ABSTRACT, euphemisticCategory:English euphemisms#ABSTRACT) To steal; to take away; to remove without permission. [First attested in the late 15^th century.]^[1]
      • 1872, William Black, The Strange Adventures of a Phaeton:

        Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

        Category:Quotation templates to be cleaned
      • 1869, Bholanauth Chunder, The Travels of a Hindoo to Various Parts of Bengal and Upper India:

        The inlaid characters in diamond, and other precious stones, have been all abstracted away by the pelf-loving Jaut and Mahratta—leaving the walls defaced with the hollow marks of the chisel.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

      • 2014, A P Simester, J R Spencer, G R Sullivan, Simester and Sullivan's Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine:

        Section 13 of the 1968 Act enacts a separate offence of dishonestly abstracting electricity. The separate offence is needed because electricity, like other forms of energy such as heat, is not property.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

        Category:Quotation templates to be cleaned
   3. (transitiveCategory:English transitive verbs#ABSTRACT, obsoleteCategory:English terms with obsolete senses#ABSTRACT) To extract by means of distillation. [Attested from the early 17^th century until the early 18^th century.]^[1]
      • 1601, John Marston, Antonio's Revenge, act II, scene I:

        Poison from roses who could e'er abstract?

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

   4. (transitiveCategory:English transitive verbs#ABSTRACT) To draw off (interest or attention).
      • June 1869, William Blackwood, Late for the Train (published in Blackwood's Magazine)

        The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.

      He was wholly abstracted by other objects.

   5. (intransitiveCategory:English intransitive verbs#ABSTRACT, reflexiveCategory:English reflexive verbs#ABSTRACT, literally, figuratively) To withdraw oneself; to retire. [First attested in the mid 17^th century.]^[1]
   6. (transitiveCategory:English transitive verbs#ABSTRACT) To consider abstractly; to contemplate separately or by itself; to consider theoretically; to look at as a general quality. [First attested in the early 17^th century.]^[1]
      • 1781, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume II:

        To abstract the notions of time, of space, and of matter.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

      1. To conceptualize an ideal subgroup by means of the generalization of an attribute, as follows: by apprehending an attribute inherent to one individual, then separating that attribute and contemplating it by itself, then conceiving of that attribute as a general quality, then despecifying that conceived quality with respect to several or many individuals, and by then ideating a group composed of those individuals perceived to possess said quality.
      2. (intransitiveCategory:English intransitive verbs#ABSTRACT, rareCategory:English terms with rare senses#ABSTRACT) To perform the process of abstraction.
         • 1710, George Berkeley, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge:

           I own myself able to abstract in one sense.

           Category:English terms with quotations#ABSTRACT

           Category:Quotation templates to be cleaned
      3. (intransitiveCategory:English intransitive verbs#ABSTRACT, fine arts) To create abstractions.
      4. (intransitiveCategory:English intransitive verbs#ABSTRACT, computingCategory:en:Computing#ABSTRACT) To produce an abstraction, usually by refactoring existing code. Generally used with "out".

         He abstracted out the square root function.

2. (transitiveCategory:English transitive verbs#ABSTRACT) To summarize; to abridge; to epitomize. [First attested in the late 16^th century.]^[1]

References

• “abstract”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• abstract in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “abstract”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “abstract”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle FrenchCategory:Dutch terms borrowed from Middle French#ABSTRACTCategory:Dutch terms derived from Middle French#ABSTRACT abstract, from LatinCategory:Dutch terms derived from Latin#ABSTRACT abstractus; compare English abstract.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑpˈstrɑkt/Category:Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT

• Audio:

  (file)

  Category:Dutch terms with audio pronunciation#ABSTRACT
• Hyphenation: ab‧stract
• Rhymes: -ɑktCategory:Rhymes:Dutch/ɑkt#ABSTRACT

Adjective

abstract (comparative abstracter, superlative abstractst)Category:Dutch lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:Dutch adjectives#ABSTRACTCategory:Dutch adjectives with red links in their headword lines#ABSTRACTCategory:Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT

1. abstract
2. (artCategory:nl:Art#ABSTRACT) abstract

   Antonym: figuratief

Alternative forms

• abstracte

Etymology

From LatinCategory:Middle English terms borrowed from Latin#ABSTRACTCategory:Middle English terms derived from Latin#ABSTRACT abstractus, from abstrahō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /abˈstrakt(ə)/Category:Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT

Adjective

abstractCategory:Middle English lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:Middle English adjectives#ABSTRACTCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT (Late Middle EnglishCategory:Late Middle English#ABSTRACT, rareCategory:Middle English rare terms#ABSTRACT)

1. Drawn away or out of; detached:
   1. Excerpted; quoted from another text.
   2. Out of one's mind or detached from reality; temporarily insane.
   3. Having been (pulled or moved) above the ground.
   4. Barely comprehensible; hard to read.
   5. (grammarCategory:enm:Grammar#ABSTRACT) Abstract (of a noun).

Noun

abstractCategory:Middle English lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:Middle English nouns#ABSTRACTCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT

1. (Late Middle EnglishCategory:Late Middle English#ABSTRACT, rareCategory:Middle English terms with rare senses#ABSTRACT) abstract, synopsis

Etymology

Borrowed from LatinCategory:Romanian terms borrowed from Latin#ABSTRACTCategory:Romanian terms derived from Latin#ABSTRACT abstractus, GermanCategory:Romanian terms borrowed from German#ABSTRACTCategory:Romanian terms derived from German#ABSTRACT Abstrakt.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /abˈstrakt/, [apˈstrakt]Category:Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT

Adjective

abstract m or n (feminine singular abstractă, masculine plural abstracți, feminine/neuter plural abstracte)Category:Romanian lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:Romanian adjectives#ABSTRACTCategory:Romanian entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT

1. abstract

   Antonym: concret

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈəbstrak(t)/Category:Scots terms with IPA pronunciation#ABSTRACT

Noun

abstract (plural abstracts)Category:Scots lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:Scots nouns#ABSTRACTCategory:Scots entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT

1. abstract

Adjective

abstract (comparative mair abstract, superlative maist abstract)Category:Scots lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:Scots adjectives#ABSTRACTCategory:Scots entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT

1. abstract

Verb

abstract (third-person singular simple present abstracts, present participle abstractin, simple past and past participle abstractit)Category:Scots lemmas#ABSTRACTCategory:Scots verbs#ABSTRACTCategory:Scots entries with incorrect language header#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with entries#ABSTRACTCategory:Pages with 5 entries#ABSTRACT

1. abstract