Wikimore

See also: 阬

坑	U+5751, 坑 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5751

← 坐
[U+5750]

CJK Unified Ideographs Category:CJK Unified Ideographs block#*0000022353

坒 →
[U+5752]

Category:Han script characters#%20

Translingual

Stroke order

Chinese

simp. and trad.		坑
alternative forms		阬坈 ancient

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 坑
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (亢) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
笐	kaːŋ, ɡaːŋs
亢	kaːŋ, kʰaːŋs
牨	*kaːŋ
苀	kaːŋ, ɡaːŋ
魧	kaːŋ, ɡaːŋ
迒	kaːŋ, ɡaːŋ
邟	kʰaːŋ, kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
忼	kʰaːŋʔ, qʰaːŋ
骯	kʰaːŋʔ, ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ
抗	kʰaːŋs, ɡaːŋ
炕	kʰaːŋs, qʰaːŋ
伉	*kʰaːŋs
閌	*kʰaːŋs
犺	*kʰaːŋs
蚢	kʰaːŋs, ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
砊	kʰaːŋs, kʰraːŋ
阬	kʰaːŋs, kʰraːŋ
頏	kʰaːŋs, ɡaːŋ
航	*ɡaːŋ
杭	*ɡaːŋ
沆	ɡaːŋ, ɡaːŋʔ
肮	*ɡaːŋ
吭	ɡaːŋ, ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs
秔	*kraːŋ
坑	*kʰraːŋ
劥	*kʰraːŋ

In its current form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰraːŋ)Category:Han phono-semantic compounds#土04: phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil”). Early forms appear to be 阬.

Etymology 1

Possibly related to 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; space; air”), though the function of the *-r- in the Old Chinese reconstruction is unclear and its presence thus problematic (STEDT).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kēng (keng¹Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#坑)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄥ
Category:Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haang¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hang¹ / hang⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hâng

(Hailu, HRS): hang^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): hang¹
Northern Min (KCR): káng
Eastern Min (BUC): kăng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ka¹ / kann¹ / keng¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khiⁿ / kheⁿ / kheng

(Teochew, Peng'im): kên¹
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ¹khan / ¹khaon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kēng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: keng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻêng¹
  - Yale: kēng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keng
  - Palladius: кэн (kɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (坑兒 / 坑儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kēngr
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄥㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kengr
  - Wade–Giles: kʻêng¹-ʼrh
  - Yale: kēngr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kengl
  - Palladius: кэнр (kɛnr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

Note:

kēngr - “pit; hollow”.

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haang¹
  - Yale: hāang
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haang¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hang¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hang¹ / hang⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ³³/, /haŋ²¹/

Note: hang4 - “ravine”.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hâng
  - Hakka Romanization System: hang^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hang¹
  - Sinological IPA: /haŋ²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: hang^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /haŋ⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hang¹
  - Sinological IPA: /haŋ⁴⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: káng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kăng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ka¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kaⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰa⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kann¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰã⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: keng¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: keng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: keng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴/

Note:

ka1/kann1 - vernacular;
keng1 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Sanxia, Hsinchu, Lukang, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: khinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qvy
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /kʰĩ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kʰĩ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan, Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kheⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: khenn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qvef
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /kʰẽ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɛ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kheng
  - Tâi-lô: khing
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qefng
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɪŋ³³/

Note:

khiⁿ/kheⁿ - vernacular;
kheng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kên¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kheⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰẽ³³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Hangzhou)
  - Wugniu: ¹khan
  - MiniDict: khan^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰã⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /kʰɑŋ³³⁴/
- (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ¹khaon
  - MiniDict: khaon^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khaan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰɑ̃⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 坑
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰəŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/kʰəŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/kʰəŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/kʰəŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/kʰəŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰəŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/kʰəŋ²¹/
	Xining	/kʰə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/kʰəŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/kʰə̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/kʰɤŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/kʰən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/kʰən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/kʰen⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/kʰə⁴⁴̃/
	Nanjing	/kʰən³¹/
	Hefei	/kʰən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/kʰəŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/kʰə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰɑ̃⁵³/
	Suzhou	/kʰã⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/kʰen³³/
	Wenzhou	/kʰiɛ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰʌ̃³¹/ /kʰɛ³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/kʰɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰən³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kʰən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰɑŋ⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/haŋ⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/haŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/haŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/haŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰiŋ⁵⁵/ /kʰĩ⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰaŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰẽ³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xaŋ³⁵/ /xaŋ³¹/ 俗

Middle Chinese: khaeng

Rime
Character	坑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	客庚切
Baxter	khaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰᵚaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaɨjŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰɐŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰɐŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hang¹