Suffix

-sa (front vowel harmony variant -sä, linguistic notation -sA)Category:Finnish lemmas#SACategory:Finnish suffixes#SACategory:Finnish entries with incorrect language header#SACategory:Pages with entries#SACategory:Pages with 13 entries#SACategory:Finnish adjective-forming suffixes#SACategory:Finnish noun-forming suffixes#SA

1. Forms some adjectives.
2. Forms slang nouns and adjectives, usually with clipping.

Suffix

-sa (front vowel harmony variant -sä, linguistic notation -sA)Category:Finnish lemmas#SACategory:Finnish suffixes#SACategory:Finnish entries with incorrect language header#SACategory:Pages with entries#SACategory:Pages with 13 entries#SACategory:Finnish adjective-forming suffixes#SA (dialectalCategory:Finnish dialectal terms#SA)

1. alternative form of -nsa

Usage notes

Spelled with a hyphen after -s, otherwise without a hyphen.

• Added to nouns (or adjectives modifying a noun) in the presence of the possessive adjective to emphasize the possessor rather than the thing possessed:

  mo chos-sa ― my footCategory:Irish terms with usage examples#SA

  do charr deargsa ― your sg red carCategory:Irish terms with usage examples#SA

• Added to pronouns (both simple and prepositional) to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun):

  aistise ― out of herCategory:Irish terms with usage examples#SA

  sibhse ― you plCategory:Irish terms with usage examples#SA

• Added to synthetic verb forms to add emphasis to the subject:

  cloisimse ― I hearCategory:Irish terms with usage examples#SA

  chloisteása ― you sg used to hearCategory:Irish terms with usage examples#SA

  chualabhairse ― you pl heardCategory:Irish terms with usage examples#SA

Derived terms

See also

Derived terms

Descendants

• Irish: -sa
• Manx: -s
• Scottish Gaelic: -sa

See also

Usage notes

• Added to prepositional pronouns (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun):
  • Used in first-person singular: (e.g., agamsa).
  • Used in second-person singular: (e.g., ortsa).

Derived terms

See also

• -ne
• -san

Suffix

-saCategory:Turkish lemmas#SACategory:Turkish suffixes#SACategory:Turkish entries with incorrect language header#SACategory:Pages with entries#SACategory:Pages with 13 entries#SA

1. Derives verbs of wish, desire, inclination towards the noun it is derived from.

   ‎su (“water”) + ‎-sa → ‎susamak (“to thirst, to feel the need to drink water”)

   ‎durak (“stop, pause”) + ‎-sa → ‎duraksamak (“to pause, to seem to pause”)

   ‎kap (“a container, receptacle”) + ‎-sa → ‎kapsamak (“to contain, to encompass”)

   ‎umur (“caring, minding, paying attention”) + ‎-sa → ‎umursamak (“to care, to mind, to pay attention”)

2. Derives verbs from nouns or adjectives in the sense "to regard as, to consider to be."

   ‎çok (“much, a lot”) + ‎-sa → ‎çoksamak (“to regard as a lot”)

   ‎hafif (“light, easy, ineffective, unimportant”) + ‎-se → ‎hafifsemek (“to regard as easy or unimportant, to disregard”)

   ‎garip (“strange, weird”) + ‎-se → ‎garipsemek (“to regard as or find strange”)

3. Forms a compound suffix with -im (“derives nouns from verbs”)^[4] before it and derives verbs.)

   ‎gül- (“to smile, to laugh”) + ‎-ümse → ‎gülümsemek (“to smile”)

   ‎ben (“I, me”) + ‎-imse → ‎benimsemek (“to internalize, to embrace, to adopt”)

   ‎küçük (“small, little”) + ‎-ümse → ‎küçümsemek (“to belittle, to underestimate”)

4. Forms a compound suffix with -im (“derives nouns from verbs”) before it and -ar (“participle suffix”)^[5] after it and derives adjectives.

   ‎iyi (“good”) + ‎-mser → ‎iyimser (“optimistic”)

   ‎kötü (“bad”) + ‎-mser → ‎kötümser (“pessimistic”)

   ‎kara (“black, dark”) + ‎-msar → ‎karamsar (“pessimistic”)

   ‎çek- (“to pull, to draw”) + ‎-imser → ‎çekimser (“abstaining (e.g from casting a vote)”)

5. Forms a compound suffix with -il (“derives nouns or adjectives from verbs or nouns”)^[6] after it and derives adjectives.

   ‎bitki (“plant, herb”) + ‎-sel → ‎bitkisel (“herbal, vegetable”)

   ‎kut (“happiness, good fortune”) + ‎-sal → ‎kutsal (“holy, sacred”)

   ‎gör- (“to see”) + ‎-sel → ‎görsel (“visual”)

   ‎işit- (“to hear”) + ‎-sel → ‎işitsel (“auditory”)

Suffix

-saCategory:Turkish lemmas#SACategory:Turkish suffixes#SACategory:Turkish entries with incorrect language header#SACategory:Pages with entries#SACategory:Pages with 13 entries#SA

1. Denotes conditional mood in sentences within a conditional sub-clause.

   Parası olsa, düşünmeden alır. ― If he had money, he would buy it without thinking.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Sabah erken kalksa, okula geç kalmaz. ― If she got up early in the morning, she wouldn't be late to school.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Birine sorsak daha kolay bulabiliriz. ― We could find it more easily if we asked someone.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Beğense de beğenmese de, bu onun görevi. ― Whether he likes it or not, this is his duty.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

2. Denotes optative mood to the main verb in simple sentences; can be used with modals.

   Ah, benim de senin kadar zamanım olsa. ― Ugh, I wish I had as much time as you.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Yarın sen de bizimle gelsen. ― (Why don't you) Come with us tomorrow.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Keşke artık okula dönebilsem, arkadaşlarımı çok özledim. ― I wish I could go back to school, I miss my friends a lot.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA (Two simple sentences connected with a comma.)

   İnsanlar el ele tutuşsa. Birlik olsa. Uzansak sonsuza. ― If only people held hands. If only they united. If only we could reach eternity.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Keşke erken yatmak zorunda olmasak. ― If only we didn't have to go to bed early.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

3. The sub-clause formed with the optative mood can act as the subject of the verb.^[8]

   Sen de bizimle gelsen olmaz mı? ― Wouldn't it be good if you came with us, too? (literally, “Would your coming with us not be good?”)Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Bu öneriye ne kadar itiraz etsen yeridir. ― You couldn't object to this proposal enough. (literally, “Any amount of objection of yours to this proposal would be justified.”)Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

4. Conditional and optative moods can be used with past moods of the copula to form complex verbs.

   Daha çok çalışsaydık kazanırdık. ― If we had practiced more, we would have won.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Keşke o son baklavayı yemeseydim. ― I wish I hadn't eaten that last baklava.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

5. The optative mood can denote a reprimanding tone with past moods of the copula in colloquial usage.

   İyi bir üniversite kazanmak istiyordun madem, daha çok çalışsaydın. ― Well, if you wanted to enter a good university, you should have studied more.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Ne yapayım, babasını dinleseymiş de satmasaymış arabasını. ― What shall I do, he should have listened to his father and not sell his car.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

6. Denotes conditional mood of the copula, affixed to nouns or noun-based words to turn them into verbs; can be written separately as the "ise" conjunction with personal inflections affixed onto the conjunction. If it is affixed to a word that ends in a vowel, "y" acts as buffer consonant in between.

   İnsansan (İnsan isen) çöpünü buraya atma! ― If you are a human being, don't throw your garbage here!Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Çok pahalıysa (pahalı ise), almam. ― I won't buy it if it's too expensive.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Eğer şanslıysanız (şanslı iseniz), hayatınızı "öncesi" ve "sonrası" olarak ayırabilecek biriyle tanışırsınız. ― If you're lucky, you'll meet someone that can divide your life into "before" and "after."Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Hava soğuksa (soğuk ise) dışarı çıkmayalım. ― If the weather is cold, let's not go outside.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

7. In the negative form of the above structure, the suffix is affixed to the negation particle.

   Hava soğuk değilse (soğuk değil ise) dışarı çıkalım. ― If the weather is not cold, let's go outside.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

8. The conditional mood of the copula can be used to denote contrast or introducing a new idea that follows from the first; can be written separately as the "ise" conjunction.

   Ben gitar çalarım, kız kardeşimse (kız kardeşim ise) piyano çalar. ― I play the guitar, whereas my sister plays the piano.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Tansiyonu yüksek, ateşiyse (ateşi ise) normalin üstünde. ― Her blood pressure is high, (and) her temperature is above normal.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

9. Time conjunctions and modals can be used with the conditional mood of the copula to form complex verbs; can be written separately as the "ise" conjunction, however it is rarely used in modern Turkish.

   Babam işten erken gelirse, sinemaya gidebiliriz. ― We can go to the movies if dad comes home early.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Kopyalama işlemi bitmişse, sürücüyü çıkarabilirsiniz. ― You may remove the driver, if the copying process has ended.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Bu kağıtları kullanmayacaksan çöpe atacağım. ― If you're not going to use these papers, I'll throw them away.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

   Kişiyi mutluluk öldürebilirse, benim çoktan ölmem gerekirdi! ― If happiness could kill a person, I would have died long ago!Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

10. Forms a compound imperative structure in colloquial usage with the interjection "a"^[9] (complies with vowel harmony), denoting an insistent request or command. In the 3rd person, the interjection "ya" replaces it and is written separately.^[7]

    ‎ye- (“to eat”) + ‎-se + ‎-n → ‎yesen (Con/Opt mood 2nd Sg.) + a (interj.) → Yesene! (“Go ahead, eat!”)

    ‎bak- (“to look”) + ‎-ma + ‎-sa + ‎-nız → ‎bakmasanız (Con/Opt mood 2nd Pl. neg.) + a (interj.) → Bakmasanıza! (“Stop looking!”)

    Bu akşam bize gelsenize! ― (Why don't you) Come to our place tonight!Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

    Annesine ev işlerinde yardım etse ya! ― Why doesn't he help his mother with the house chores!Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

11. Repeating of the verb with the suffix forms an adverbial phrase denoting a certainty for the action to be fulfilled in a particular way or by a particular person.

    Bu açıdan atsa atsa Alex gol atar. ― Only Alex could score a goal from this angle.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

    Bizim mesele çözülse çözülse mahkemede çözülür. ― Our affair could only be resolved at court.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

12. Forms sub-clauses with question words, denoting an expansion or generalization of the scope of the verb. Depending on the question word, the sub-clause can act as the subject, object or adverbial phrase in the sentence.

    Elimi neye atsam bozuluyor. ― Whatever I touch breaks.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

    Kim olsa bu şartlara isyan ederdi. ― Anybody would protest these conditions.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

    Kimi görsem sen sanıyorum. ― Whomever I see I think is you.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

    Buraya ne zaman gelsem eski günleri hatırlarım. ― I remember the old days whenever I come here.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

    Nereye gitse elinde mutlaka bir kitap olur. ― Wherever she goes, she always has a book in her hands.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#SA

13. Forms formulaic adverbs with certain question words.

    ‎ne (“what”) + ‎-(y)se → ‎neyse (“whatever, anyways”)

    ‎nasıl (“how”) + ‎-sa → ‎nasılsa (“somehow, someway”)

    ‎nerede (“where”) + ‎-(y)se → ‎neredeyse (“almost, nearly, before long”)

    ‎neden (“why”) + ‎-se → ‎nedense (“for some reason”)

    ‎niye (“why”) + ‎-(y)se → ‎niyeyse (“for some reason”)

14. Forms an indefinite pronoun with the question word "kim".

    ‎kim (“who”) + ‎-se → ‎kimse (“anybody, nobody”)

Usage notes

This suffix triggers lengthening of the preceding vowel.