ず
Japanese
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Etymology 1
The hiragana character す (su) with a dakuten (゛).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [d͡zɨᵝ], [zɨᵝ]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#す'
Syllable
ず • (zuCategory:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#ずCategory:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず) Category:Japanese lemmas#す'Category:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#す'Category:Japanese syllables#す'Category:Japanese hiragana#す'Category:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#す'Category:Pages with entries#ずCategory:Pages with 1 entry#ず
See also
Etymology 2
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 不 (archaic, literary) |
From Old JapaneseCategory:Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese#す'Category:Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese#す'. Generally considered to be a combination of negation suffix ぬ (-nu)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず, in its 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of に (ni)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず, + verb す (su, “to do”)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず.[1][2]
/nisu/ → */nzu/ → /zu/
Appears both as zu and as the older nisu form in the Man'yōshū poetry anthology.
Pronunciation
Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent#す'- In the modern Tokyo dialect, when ず (-zu)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of a verb, the resulting accent usually follows the accent of the base verb, but exceptions are to be observed:
-
- 言う (iu): いうCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [iu] (Heiban – [0]) → いわずCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [iwazu] (Heiban – [0])
- 寝る (neru): ねるCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [neru] (Heiban – [0]) → ねずCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [nezu] (Heiban – [0])
- When attaching to a 起伏式 (kifuku-shiki) verb, the result is also 起伏式 (kifuku-shiki), with the アクセント核 (akusento-kaku, “accent kernel”) usually falling on the mora before ず (-zu)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず:
- 書く (kaku): かくCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [kaꜜku] (Atamadaka – [1]) → かかずCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [kakaꜜzu] (Nakadaka)
- 出来る (dekiru): できるCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [dekiꜜru] (Nakadaka) → できずCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [dekiꜜzu] (Nakadaka)
- For some accented ず (-zu)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず forms, the アクセント核 (akusento-kaku, “accent kernel”) falls on the mora before the mora before the ず (-zu)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず. This is in particular the case for fossilized (lexicalized) adverbials, as opposed to spontaneous suffixation. These exceptional accents are more traditional. In some cases, both accents exist with the exceptional, traditional accent being more strongly associated with the fossilized, adverbial meaning and the regular, modern accent being more strongly associated with the predictable verbal meaning.
- As with せぬ (senu) and せよ (seyo), せず (sezu) is accented even though する (suru)Category:Japanese links with redundant target parameters#ず is not.
- Some lexical items such as 恥知らず (hajishirazu) may appear to be exceptional when they are not; they get their accent from compounding:
- はじCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [hajiꜜ] (Odaka) + しらずCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [shirazu] (Heiban – [0]) → はじしらずCategory:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#ず [hajishiꜜrazu] (Nakadaka)
Suffix
ず • (-zuCategory:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#ずCategory:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず) Category:Japanese lemmas#す'Category:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#す'Category:Japanese suffixes#す'Category:Japanese hiragana#す'Category:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#す'Category:Pages with entries#ずCategory:Pages with 1 entry#ず
- not doing
- 何も知らず
- nani mo shirazu
- not knowing anything
- 何も知らず
Usage notes
Just like the older negation suffix ぬ (-nu)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず and the modern negation suffix ない (-nai)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず, ず (-zu)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず comes after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of a verb.
The suffix ず (-zu)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず is more formal than the everyday negation suffix ない (-nai)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず.
The kanji spelling 不 attaches to verbs as a prefix in kanbun style, forming jukujikun readings such as 不知 (shirazu) or 不悪 (ashikarazu).
Conjugation
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | ず ざら な[1] | zu zara na | |
| Continuative (連用形) | ず[2] ざり[3] に[1] | zu zari ni | |
| Terminal (終止形) | ず ざり | zu zari | |
| Attributive (連体形) | ぬ ざる | nu zaru | |
| Realis (已然形) | ね ざれ | ne zare | |
| Imperative (命令形) | ざれ | zare | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | - | ||
| Contrasting conjunction | ねど ざれど | nedo zaredo | |
| Causal conjunction | ねば ざれば | neba zareba | |
| Conditional conjunction | ずは ずば ざらば | zufa zuba zaraba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | ざりき | zariki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | ざりけり | zarikeri | |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | ざりつ | zaritu | |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | ざりぬ[4] | zarinu | |
| Perfect-continuative tense | ざりたり | zaritari | |
| Adverbial | ず | zu | |
[1]Nara period form.
[2]Without auxiliary verbs.
[3]With auxiliary verbs.
[4]Unattested.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
| For pronunciation and definitions of ず – see the following entries. | ||
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| (This term, ず (zu), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as ず, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ず. |
References
- ↑ “ず”, in 日本国語大辞典Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#ずCategory:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#ず [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ “ず”, in デジタル大辞泉Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#ず [Digital Daijisen] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months