Wikimore

Small seal script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'aː)Category:Han phono-semantic compounds#彳07: semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). Later corrupted into 彳 + 走.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tú (tu²Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#徒)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu²

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): tú
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou⁴

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): tou⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hu³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): thù

(Hailu, HRS): tu

(Meixian, Guangdong): tu²
Jin (Wiktionary): tu¹
Northern Min (KCR): dǔ
Eastern Min (BUC): dù
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dou²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tô͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): tu⁵

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): tu⁵
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): du⁴
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶du / ²du / ²dou
- (Jinhua): ²du
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dou²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tú
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tú
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu²
  - Yale: tú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
  - Palladius: ту (tu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: tu²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: tú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: tou⁴
  - Yale: tòuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tou⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: tou⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯²¹/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: tou⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔu²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hu³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thù
  - Hakka Romanization System: tu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tu²
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰu¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: tu
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: tu²
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰu¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: tu¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰu¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǔ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: dou²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: dó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔu¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: dou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔu²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tô͘
  - Tâi-lô: tôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: doo
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /tɔ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵⁵/
- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: tu⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰu²²/
Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: du⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶du
  - MiniDict: du^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³du
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /du²³/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ²du
  - MiniDict: du^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /du³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /du³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /du²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /du¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /du³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /du²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /du²³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /du³¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /du²²/
- (Northern: Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ²dou
  - MiniDict: dou^平
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /dəu²²³/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ²du
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /du³¹³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: dou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /təu̯¹³/

Middle Chinese: du

Rime
Character	徒
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	同都切
Baxter	du
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duo/
Pan Wuyun	/duo/
Shao Rongfen	/do/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔ/
Li Rong	/do/
Wang Li	/du/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤa/

(Zhengzhang): /*l'aː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	徒
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tú
Middle Chinese	‹ du ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ˁa/
English	go on foot
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	徒
Reading #	1/1
No.	12494
Phonetic component	徒
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	徒
Old Chinese	/*l'aː/

Definitions

徒Category:Chinese lemmas#彳07 Category:Chinese hanzi#彳07 Category:Chinese entries with incorrect language header#彳07 Category:Pages with entries#徒 Category:Pages with 5 entries#徒

to be on foot
- 以吾從大夫之後，不可徒行也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  以吾从大夫之后，不可徒行也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yǐ wú cóng dàfū zhīhòu, bùkě tú xíng yě. [Pinyin]
  For, to follow in the rear of the great officers, it was not proper that I should walk on foot.
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
- 顧見綦母先生，班白而徒行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  顾见綦母先生，班白而徒行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Western Jin, 魯褒Category:Chinese links with redundant wikilinks#徒 Category:Chinese links with redundant alt parameters#徒, 錢神論Category:Chinese links with redundant wikilinks#徒 Category:Chinese links with redundant alt parameters#徒
  Gù jiàn Qímǔ xiānshēng, bān bái ér tú xíng. [Pinyin]
  He saw Mr. Qimu, who had graying hair yet was travelling on foot.
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
foot soldier
disciple; follower; adherent
religious follower; apostle; worshipper
the likes of
Synonym: friend
- 聖人無常師：孔子師郯子、萇弘、師襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其賢不及孔子。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  圣人无常师：孔子师郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Han Yu, 師說 (shīshuō)Category:Chinese links with redundant wikilinks#徒 Category:Chinese links with redundant alt parameters#徒
  Shèngrén wú cháng shī: Kǒngzǐ shī Tánzǐ, Chánghóng, Shīxiāng, Lǎodān. Tánzǐ zhī tú, qí xián bùjí kǒngzǐ. [Pinyin]
  The wise man does not have an invariable teacher: Confucius learned from Tanzi, Chang Hong, Shixiang, and Laozi. The likes of Tanzi are not more virtuous than Confucius.
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
prison sentence
無期徒刑／无期徒刑 ― wúqī túxíng ― life imprisonment (literally, “Sentence of indefinite imprisonment”)Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples
(derogatory Category:Chinese derogatory terms#彳07) suffix for people with certain characteristics
暴徒 ― bàotú ― thugCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples

歹徒 ― dǎitú ― ruffianCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
- 走！復入言沛公，吾高陽酒徒也，非儒人也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  走！复入言沛公，吾高阳酒徒也，非儒人也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Zǒu! Fù rù yán Pèigōng, wú Gāoyáng jiǔtú yě, fēi rúrén yě. [Pinyin]
  Depart! Make haste! Go back in there and tell the Prince of Pei again that I am the Drunkard of Gaoyang; I'm no 'scholar!'
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
bare; plain
徒跣 ― túxiǎn ― barefoot Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples

徒手 ― túshǒu ― with one's bare handsCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
merely; only; just
- 徒善不足以為政，徒法不能以自行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  徒善不足以为政，徒法不能以自行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Tú shàn bùzú yǐ wéi zhèng, tú fǎ bùnéng yǐ zì xíng. [Pinyin]
  Virtue alone is not sufficient for the exercise of government; laws alone cannot carry themselves into practice.
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
- 助之長者，揠苗者也。非徒無益，而又害之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  助之长者，揠苗者也。非徒无益，而又害之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Zhù zhī zhǎng zhě, yà miáo zhě yě. Fēi tú wúyì, ér yòu hài zhī. [Pinyin]
  They who assist it to grow long, pull out their corn. What they do is not only of no benefit to the nature, but it also injures it
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
in vain; unsuccessfully; to no avail
徒勞／徒劳 ― túláo ― to be futile Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples
a surnameCategory:Chinese surnames#彳07

Compounds

References

“徒”, in 漢語多功能字庫Category:Chinese terms with redundant script codes#徒 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學Category:Chinese links with redundant wikilinks#徒 Category:Chinese links with redundant alt parameters#徒 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典 Category:Chinese terms with redundant script codes#徒), A01288

Japanese

Kanji

徒

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Category:Japanese kanji#彳07 Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#彳07 Category:Japanese fourth grade kanji#彳07 Category:Japanese kyōiku kanji#彳07 Category:Japanese jōyō kanji#彳07

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
徒
いたずら Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒 read as いたずら#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#いたすら'

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ita̠zɨɾa̠]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#いたすら'

Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent#いたすら'

Adjective

useless, pointless, fruitless
unsatisfied because there is nothing to be; tasteless
in idleness

Noun

a kind of women's hairstyle in the late Edo period

Derived terms

徒(いたず)らに (itazura ni, “uselessly, pointlessly”)
悪戯(いたずら) (itazura, “prank, mischief”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
徒
あだ Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒 read as あだ#あた'Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#あた'Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#あた'

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) あだ [àdáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
IPA^(key): [a̠da̠]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#いたすら'

Category:Japanese terms with Odaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#いたすら'

Adjective

useless, fruitless
一度(いちど)限(かぎ)りの人生(じんせい)を徒(あだ)にしてしまう
ichido kagiri no jinsei o ada ni shiteshimau
to make one's one-time life gone ruined
Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#いたすら'
(now rare Category:Japanese terms with rare senses#いたすら') ephemeral, temporary
(now rare Category:Japanese terms with rare senses#いたすら') fickle, frivolous
(now rare Category:Japanese terms with rare senses#いたすら') slack, lukewarm
(historical Category:Japanese terms with historical senses#いたすら', poetry Category:ja:Poetry#いたすら') the term of the 蕉風俳諧(しょうふうはいかい) (shōfūhaikai, “Bashō style haikai”) to indicate innocent and humorous style

Derived terms

徒(あだ)になる (ada ni naru, “to backfire, to have a harmful result”)
徒花(あだばな) (adabana, “blossom that bear no fruit; things which being gorgeous in the pretence but worthless in actuality”)
徒徒(あだあだ)し (adaadashi)
徒(あだ)う (adau)
徒(あだ)く (adaku)
徒(あだ)げ (adage)
徒(あだ)し (adashi)
徒(あだ)つく (adatsuku)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
徒
かち Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒 read as かち#かち Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#かち Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#かち

For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.

【かち】

[noun] 徒, 歩, 歩行, 徒歩: (dated) walking, going on foot

[noun] 徒, 歩, 歩行, 徒歩, 徒士: (historical) a lower-level samurai who accompanies with the master in walking and goes on the beginning of the parade

Alternative spellings
歩, 歩行, 徒歩, 徒士

(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Category:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#いたすら'Category:Pages with entries#徒 Category:Pages with 5 entries#徒

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
徒
ただ Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒 read as ただ#たた'Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#たた'Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#たた'

For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.

【ただタダ】

Category:Japanese nouns#たた'Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#たた'Category:Japanese lemmas#たた'Category:Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji#たた'Category:Japanese terms with 1 kanji#たた'Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒#たた'Category:Japanese single-kanji terms#たた'

[noun] 徒, 只: ordinary, common, nothing special

Alternative spelling
只

【ただ】

[adjective] 徒, 只: ordinary, simple

[adjective] 徒, 只: nothing

Alternative spelling
只

(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Category:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#いたすら'Category:Pages with entries#徒 Category:Pages with 5 entries#徒

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
徒
むだ Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒 read as むだ#むた'Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#むた'Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#むた'

For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.

【無駄むだ】

[adjective] useless, pointless; meaningless

[adjective] wasteful

[noun] uselessness; no good; being in vain; futility

[noun] waste

Alternative spelling
ムダ

(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Category:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#いたすら'Category:Pages with entries#徒 Category:Pages with 5 entries#徒

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
徒
と Grade: 4
kan'on

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒 read as と#と Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#と Category:Japanese terms read with kan'on#と

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) と [tóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [to̞]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#いたすら'

Category:Japanese terms with Atamadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#いたすら'

Etymology 7

Kanji in this term
徒
ず Grade: 4
goon

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒 read as ず#す'Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#す'Category:Japanese terms read with goon#す'

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ず [zúꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [d͡zɨ]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#いたすら'

Category:Japanese terms with Atamadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#いたすら'

Noun

(historical Category:Japanese terms with historical senses#いたすら') one of the punishments in the ancient Ritsuryō system; penal servitude
Synonyms: 徒刑 (tokei), 懲役 (chōeki)

Derived terms

Etymology 8

Kanji in this term
徒
かし Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 徒 read as かし#かし Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#かし Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#かし

⟨kasi⟩ → /kaɕi/

From an eastern dialectal form of Old Japanese Category:Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese#いたすら'. Cognate with Modern Japanese かち (kachi, “walking, going on foot”)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#徒.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かし [káꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [ka̠ɕi]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#いたすら'

Category:Japanese terms with Atamadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#いたすら'

Noun

(Classical Japanese Category:Classical Japanese#いたすら', dialectal Category:Japanese dialectal terms#いたすら') obsolete form of かち (kachi)Category:Japanese obsolete forms#いたすら': walking, going on foot
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4417:
  
  阿加胡麻乎(あかごまを)　夜麻努尓波賀志(やまのにはがし)　刀里加尓弖(とりかにて)　多麻能余許夜麻(たまのよこやま)　加志(かし)由加也良牟(ゆかやらむ) [Man'yōgana]
  赤駒(あかごま)を　山野(やまの)に放(はが)し　捕(と)りかにて　多摩(たま)の横山(よこやま)　徒(かし)ゆか遣(や)らむ [Modern spelling]
  <Akago₁ma wo yamano₁ ni pagasi to₁rikanite Tama no₂ yo₂ko₂yama kasi yuka yaramu>
  → Akagoma o yamano ni hagashi torikanite Tama no yokoyama kashi yuka yaramu
  Having our red horse pastured on the mountain field, but we couldn't catch it; so I'll send him, who'll go on foot through the mountains on the side of Tama.
  Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#いたすら'Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#いたすら'
(The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:)Category:Requests for quotations in Japanese#いたすら'