Wikimore

See also: 系

係	U+4FC2, 係 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC2

← 俁
[U+4FC1]

CJK Unified Ideographs Category:CJK Unified Ideographs block#*0000020418

促 →
[U+4FC3]

Category:Han script characters#%20

Translingual

Japanese	係
Simplified	系
Traditional	係

Han character

係Category:Translingual lemmas#人07係 Category:Translingual terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#人07係 Category:Translingual symbols#人07係 Category:Translingual terms with redundant script codes#人07係 Category:Translingual entries with incorrect language header#人07係 Category:Pages with entries#係 Category:Pages with 5 entries#係 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 人竹女火 (OHVF), four-corner 2229₃, composition ⿰亻系)Category:Han script characters#人07係

Derived characters

喺, 𦵠, 𨵺

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 104, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 663
Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 164, character 8
Unihan data for U+4FC2

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 係
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Small seal script s05880 Transcribed ancient scripts L20298 L35898 L35899 L35900 L35901
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (系) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
係	*keːɡs
系	*ɡeːɡs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *keːɡs)Category:Han phono-semantic compounds#人07: semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs)Category:Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#係.

The simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫. In ancient times, 系, 係, and 繫 were usually interchangeable graphic variants, although in some compounds, only one form is acceptable (e.g. 世系 and 繋辭／繋辞).

This section or entry lacks references or sources. Please help verify this information by adding appropriate citations. You can also discuss it at the Tea Room.

Category:Requests for references for English terms#係

The meaning “yes” in Cantonese and Hakka is likely an independently created sound symbolismCategory:Chinese sound-symbolic terms#人07, only associated with this character by folk etymology. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. Category:Requests for expansion of etymologies in Chinese entries#人07

Etymology 1

trad.		係
simp.		系^*

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xì (xi⁴Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#係)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
Category:Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hai⁶

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): hoi³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hai⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): he

(Hailu, HRS): he^ˇ

(Meixian, Guangdong): hê⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hē

(Teochew, Peng'im): hi⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵shi; ⁶yi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xì
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sì
  - Wade–Giles: hsi⁴
  - Yale: syì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
  - Palladius: си (si)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hai⁶
  - Yale: haih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hei⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐi̯²²/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: hoi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔi³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hai⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: he
  - Hakka Romanization System: he
  - Hagfa Pinyim: he⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /he⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: he^ˇ
  - Sinological IPA: /he¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hê⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /he⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
  - Tâi-lô: hē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: he
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /he²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /he³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hi⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hi³⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵shi; ⁶yi
  - MiniDict: shi^去; yi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²xi; ³hhi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi³⁴/, /ɦi²³/

Middle Chinese: kejH

Rime
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古詣切
Baxter	kejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛj^H/
Li Rong	/kei^H/
Wang Li	/kiei^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kiei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gai³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤek-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*keːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xì
Middle Chinese	‹ kej^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁek-s/
English	tie (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
No.	13426
Phonetic component	系
Rime group	賜
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	計
Old Chinese	/*keːɡs/

Definitions

係Category:Chinese lemmas#人07 Category:Chinese hanzi#人07 Category:Chinese entries with incorrect language header#人07 Category:Pages with entries#係 Category:Pages with 5 entries#係

to relate; to bear on
to tie; to bind
(formal Category:Chinese formal terms#人07 or Cantonese Category:Cantonese Chinese#人07, Hakka Category:Hakka Chinese#人07) to be (copula)
其母係北京人。／其母系北京人。 ― Qí mǔ xì Běijīngrén. ― His mother is a native of Beijing.Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples

烏龍茶係茶嘅一種。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
乌龙茶系茶嘅一种。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
wu¹ lung^4-2 caa⁴ hai⁶ caa⁴ ge³ jat¹ zung². [Jyutping]
Oolong tea is a type of tea.
Category:Cantonese terms with usage examples
(Cantonese Category:Cantonese Chinese#人07, Hakka Category:Hakka Chinese#人07) yes (as answer to a question)

Usage notes

(Cantonese) Not to be confused with 喺 (hai2).
(Cantonese, Hakka) 係／系 is used in vernacular contexts, while 是 is used in literary or formal contexts.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 是 (“to be (+ noun)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		惟, 為, 乃
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		是, 係
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	是
	Taiwan	是
	Malaysia	是
	Singapore	是
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	是
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	是
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	是
Central Plains Mandarin	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	是
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	是
	Wuhan	是
	Guilin	是
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	是
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	是
Cantonese	Guangzhou	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Macau	係
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	係
	Taishan	係
	Yangjiang	係
	Maoming (Xinpo)	係
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	是
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	係
	Penang (Guangfu)	係
	Singapore (Guangfu)	係
Gan	Nanchang	是
Hakka	Meixian	係
	Xingning	係
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	係
	Huidong (Daling)	係
	Wuhua (Meilin)	係
	Zijin	係
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	係
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	係
	Changting	係
	Wuping	係
	Wuping (Pingyu)	係
	Liancheng	係
	Ninghua	係
	Yudu	係
	Ruijin	係
	Shicheng	係
	Shangyou (Shexi)	係
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	係
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	係
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	係
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	係
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	係
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Kuching (Hepo)	係
	Singapore (Dabu)	係
Jin	Taiyuan	是
Northern Min	Jian'ou	是
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	是
Eastern Min	Singapore (Fuqing)	是
Southern Min	Xiamen	是
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	是
	Quanzhou	是
	Zhangzhou	是
	Dongshan	是
	Taipei	是
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	是
	Kaohsiung	是
	Yilan	是
	Changhua (Lukang)	是
	Taichung	是
	Tainan	是
	Hsinchu	是
	Kinmen	是
	Penghu (Magong)	是
	Penang (Hokkien)	是
	Singapore (Hokkien)	是
	Manila (Hokkien)	是
	Datian	是
	Chaozhou	是
	Shantou	是
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	是
	Jieyang	是
	Haifeng	是
	Singapore (Teochew)	是
	Leizhou	是
	Wenchang	是
	Qionghai	是
	Singapore (Hainanese)	是
Puxian Min	Putian	是
Puxian Min	Xianyou	是, 正是
Wu	Shanghai	是
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	是
	Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong)	是
	Shanghai (Jiading)	是
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	是
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	是
	Shanghai (Chongming)	是
	Suzhou	是
	Suzhou (Wujiang)	是
	Wuxi	是
	Changshu	是
	Kunshan	是
	Taicang	是
	Qidong	是
	Haimen (Sijia)	是
	Jiaxing	是
	Jiashan	是
	Pinghu	是
	Haining (Yanguan)	是
	Tongxiang	是
	Haiyan	是
	Changzhou	是
	Liyang	是
	Changzhou (Jintan)	是
	Yixing	是
	Danyang	是
	Jingjiang	是
	Jiangyin	是
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	是
	Huzhou	是
	Changxing	是
	Anji	是
	Hangzhou	是
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	是
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	是
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	是
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	是
	Tonglu	是
	Tonglu (Wusheng)	是
	Shaoxing	是
	Zhuji	是
	Shengzhou	是
	Xinchang	是
	Ningbo	是
	Ningbo (Zhenhai)	是
	Ningbo (Fenghua)	是
	Yuyao	是
	Cixi	是
	Xiangshan	是
	Ninghai	是
	Zhoushan	是
	Tiantai	是
	Xianju	是
	Sanmen	是
	Wenzhou	是
	Yueqing	是
	Lishui	是
	Longquan	是
	Jinhua	是
	Yiwu	是
Xiang	Changsha	是
Xiang	Shuangfeng	是

Compounds

Descendants

→? Japanese: (in the sense “yes”) はい (hai) (disputed; easily a coincidence)
→ Vietnamese: hễ

Etymology 2

trad.		係
simp.		系^*

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)Category:Requests for etymologies in Chinese entries#人07

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sī / sǐ

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu, Taichung, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sī
  - Tâi-lô: sī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: si
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /si³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Penang): /si²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /si²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǐ
  - Tâi-lô: sǐ
  - Sinological IPA (Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines): /si³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /si²²/

Category:Chinese lemmas#人07 Category:Hokkien lemmas#人07 Category:Chinese hanzi#人07 Category:Hokkien hanzi#人07 Category:Chinese verbs#人07 Category:Hokkien verbs#人07 Category:Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation#人07 Category:Chinese terms spelled with 係#人07

Definitions

係Category:Chinese lemmas#人07 Category:Chinese hanzi#人07 Category:Chinese entries with incorrect language header#人07 Category:Pages with entries#係 Category:Pages with 5 entries#係

(Hokkien Category:Hokkien Chinese#人07) alternative form of 是 (sī, sǐ, “to be”)Category:Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#係
- 2011, 林宗興, “想起昔當時”, in 衝吧！夢想超人英雄, performed by 林宗興:
  
  一切浮華嚨係空虛 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  一切浮华咙系空虚 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  it-chhè hi-hoa lóng sī khang-hi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation) Category:Requests for translations of Hokkien quotations
  Category:Hokkien terms with quotations
- 2015, 柯大堡 [KoDaBow], “老厝邊 [Neighborhood]”, performed by 台客電力公司 [TaiKo Electro Company]:
  
  老朋友來逗陣　係歡喜啊的事情 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  老朋友来逗阵　系欢喜啊的事情 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  lāu-pêng-iú lâi tàu-tīn, sī hoaⁿ-hí--ah ê tāi-chì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation) Category:Requests for translations of Hokkien quotations
  Category:Hokkien terms with quotations
- 2019, 陳以恆 [Yi Heng Chen], “過路人 [Passersby]”, in 但係我袂驚惶 [When I Find My Heart Inside You], performed by 陳以恆 [Yi Heng Chen]:
  
  注定係過路人 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  注定系过路人 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  chù-tēng sī kòe-lō͘-lâng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Destined to be passersby
  Category:Hokkien terms with quotations

Japanese

Kanji

係

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Category:Japanese kanji#人07 Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#人07 Category:Japanese third grade kanji#人07 Category:Japanese kyōiku kanji#人07 Category:Japanese jōyō kanji#人07

Readings

Compounds

係(けい)船(せん) (keisen)
係(けい)争(そう) (keisō)
係(けい)属(ぞく) (keizoku)
係(けい)留(りゅう) (keiryū)
連(れん)係(けい) (renkei)
係(かかり)助(じょ)詞(し) (kakarijoshi), 係(かか)り助(じょ)詞(し) (kakarijoshi)

Pronunciation 1

Kanji in this term
係
かかり Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
掛かり

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 係 read as かかり#かかり Category:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#かかり Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#かかり

(Tokyo) かかり [káꜜkàrì] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [ka̠ka̠ɾʲi]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#かかり

Category:Japanese terms with Atamadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)#かかり Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#かかり

Noun

person in charge, person responsible

Pronunciation 2

Kanji in this term
係
かかり > がかり Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
掛 (public office titles)

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 係 read as かかり#かかり'Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#かかり'Category:Japanese terms with rendaku#かかり'Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#かかり'

(Tokyo) がかり [gàkárí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ɡa̠ka̠ɾʲi]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#かかり

Category:Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)#かかり Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#かかり

Suffix

person in charge, person responsible
カメラ係(がかり)
kamera-gakari
cameraman
Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#かかり Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#かかり

撮(さつ)影(えい)係(がかり)
satsuei-gakari
photographer
Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#かかり Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#かかり

Descendants

→ Indonesian: gakari

References

“係”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja

係 (eumhun 맬 계 (mael gye))Category:Korean lemmas#계 Category:Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#계 Category:Korean hanja#계 Category:Korean entries with incorrect language header#계 Category:Pages with entries#係 Category:Pages with 5 entries#係

hanja form^? of 계 (“connection”)Category:Korean hanja forms#係

Compounds

관계 (關係, gwan'gye, “relationship”)

Vietnamese

Han character

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.Category:Requests for definitions in Vietnamese entries#人07 Category:Vietnamese terms with redundant sortkeys#人07

References

Nom Foundation