Symbol

abyCategory:Translingual lemmas#ABYCategory:Translingual symbols#ABYCategory:Translingual terms with redundant script codes#ABYCategory:Translingual entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3Category:ISO 639-3 language code for Aneme Wake.

Alternative forms

• abye, abuy, abie

Etymology

From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ABYCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ABY abyen, abien, abiggen, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ABYCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ABY ābyċġan (“to buy; pay for; buy off; requite; recompense; redeem; perform; execute”), from Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ABYCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ABY *uzbugjaną, equivalent to a- +‎ buyCategory:English terms prefixed with a-#BUY. Cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbugjan).^[1] Not related to abide.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA^(key): /əˈbaɪ/Category:English 2-syllable words#ABYCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ABY

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

  Category:English terms with audio pronunciation#ABY
• Rhymes: -aɪCategory:Rhymes:English/aɪ#ABYCategory:Rhymes:English/aɪ/2 syllables#ABY

Verb

aby (simple past and past participle abought, no other forms attested in Modern English)Category:English lemmas#ABYCategory:English verbs#ABYCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. (transitiveCategory:English transitive verbs#ABY)
   1. (archaicCategory:English terms with archaic senses#ABY) To pay the penalty for (something); to atone for, to make amends. [from 12th c.]

      Synonym: make up

      • 1607 (first performance), [Francis Beaumont], The Knight of the Burning Pestle, London: […] [Nicholas Okes] for Walter Burre, […], published 1613, →OCLC, Act III, signature G, recto:

        Foole-hardy Knight, full soone thou shalt aby / This fond reproach, thy body will I hang, [Hee takes down / his pole.] / And loe vpon that string thy teeth shall hang: Prepare thy selfe, for dead soone shalt thou bee

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABY

   2. (archaicCategory:English terms with archaic senses#ABY, figuratively) To pay (something) as a penalty, to atone for; to suffer (something). [from 12th c.]

      Synonym: sustain

      • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 38, page 455:

        Who dyes the vtmoſt dolor doth abye, / But who that liues, is lefte to waile his loſſe: / So life is loſſe, and death felicity.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABY

      • 1870, William Morris, “February: Bellerophon in Lycia”, in The Earthly Paradise: A Poem, part IV, London: F[rederick] S[tartridge] Ellis, […], →OCLC, page 339:

        We doubt thee not; / Thy tale seems true, nor dost thou glorify / Thyself herein—certes thou wouldst abye / A heavy fate if thou shouldst lie herein— […]

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABY

   3. (obsoleteCategory:English terms with obsolete senses#ABY except ScotlandCategory:Scottish English#ABY) To endure or tolerate (something); to experience. [from 16th c.]^[2]

      Synonyms: brook, go on, hold on, put up with; see also Thesaurus:persist, Thesaurus:tolerate

      • 1892, Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Wood by Silvermills”, in Catriona, London; Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons, →OCLC, page 131:

        The muckle black deil was father to the Frasers, a'body kens that; and as for the Gregara, I never could abye the reek of them since I could stotter on two feet.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABY

   4. (obsoleteCategory:English terms with obsolete senses#ABY) To pay for (something); to buy. [12th–16th c.]

      Synonyms: procure, purchase; see also Thesaurus:buy

2. (intransitiveCategory:English intransitive verbs#ABY, obsoleteCategory:English terms with obsolete senses#ABY)
   1. To pay the penalty; to atone. [12th–16th c.]

      Synonyms: expiate, propitiate

   2. To endure; to remain. [14th–16th c.]
      • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto VII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 3, pages 494–495:

        So long as breath, and hable puiſſaunce / Did natiue corage vnto him ſupply, / His pace he freſhly forward did aduaunce, / And carried her beyond all ieopardy, / But nought that wanteth reſt, can long aby.

        Category:English terms with quotations#ABY

References

Anagrams

• yBa, bya, bay, Bay, yab, YBA

Etymology

Inherited from Old CzechCategory:Czech terms inherited from Old Czech#ABYCategory:Czech terms derived from Old Czech#ABY aby, from Proto-SlavicCategory:Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic#ABY *aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ byCategory:Czech univerbations#ABY.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈabɪ]Category:Czech terms with IPA pronunciation#ABY

• Audio:

  (file)

  Category:Czech terms with audio pronunciation#ABY

Particle

abyCategory:Czech lemmas#ABYCategory:Czech particles#ABYCategory:Czech entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. Denotes desire or wish; if only; had better

   Synonyms: kdyby, kéž by

   Už aby tu byli. ― I can't wait for them to come..Category:Czech terms with usage examples#ABY

   Jenom aby! ― Let's hope!Category:Czech terms with usage examples#ABY

Conjunction

abyCategory:Czech lemmas#ABYCategory:Czech conjunctions#ABYCategory:Czech entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. so that, in order to, so

Inflection

	A user suggests that this Czech entry be cleaned up, giving the reason: “manual inflection table should be moved to a template”.
	Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup(+) or the talk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

Category:Requests for cleanup in Czech entries#ABY

	singular	plural
1st person	abych	abychom
2nd person	abys	abyste
3rd person	aby	aby

Further reading

• “aby”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “aby”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Etymology

Univerbation of až (“that”) +‎ by (“would”)Category:Lower Sorbian univerbations#ABY.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈa.bɨ/Category:Lower Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation#ABY
• Rhymes: -abɨCategory:Rhymes:Lower Sorbian/abɨ#ABYCategory:Rhymes:Lower Sorbian/abɨ/2 syllables#ABY
• Syllabification: a‧by

Verb

aby (defective, invariable)Category:Lower Sorbian lemmas#ABYCategory:Lower Sorbian verbs#ABYCategory:Lower Sorbian defective verbs#ABYCategory:Lower Sorbian entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. that… would

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “aby”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999), “aby”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-SlavicCategory:Old Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic#ABY *aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ byCategory:Old Czech univerbations#ABY. First attested in the 14th century.^[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈabɨ/Category:Old Czech terms with IPA pronunciation#ABY
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈabi/Category:Old Czech terms with IPA pronunciation#ABY

Particle

abyCategory:Old Czech lemmas#ABYCategory:Old Czech particles#ABYCategory:Old Czech entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. Denotes desire or wish; if only; had better

Conjunction

abyCategory:Old Czech lemmas#ABYCategory:Old Czech conjunctions#ABYCategory:Old Czech entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. Introduces a subordinate clause expressing doubt.
2. Introduces a subordinate clause with subjunctive meaning; let, may
3. so that, in order to
4. Introduces a subordinate clause with admissive meaning; even if, though

Inflection

	A user suggests that this Old Czech entry be cleaned up, giving the reason: “manual inflection table should be moved to a template”.
	Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup(+) or the talk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

Category:Requests for cleanup in Old Czech entries#ABY

	singular	dual	plural
1st person	abych	abychově (-va)	abychom (-me/-my)
2nd person	aby	abysta (-šta)	abyste (-šte)
3rd person	aby	aby, abysta (-šta)	aby, abychu

References

Further reading

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “aby”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby.Category:Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ABYCategory:Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Old Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-#ABYCategory:Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Old Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-#ABYCategory:Pages with etymology trees#ABYCategory:Old Polish entries with etymology trees#ABYCategory:Old Polish entries with etymology texts#ABYCategory:Pages using etymon with no ID#ABY By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ byCategory:Old Polish univerbations#ABY. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /abi/Category:Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation#ABY
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /abi/Category:Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation#ABY

Conjunction

abyCategory:Old Polish lemmas#ABYCategory:Old Polish conjunctions#ABYCategory:Old Polish entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. (attested in Lesser PolandCategory:Lesser Poland Old Polish#ABY, Greater PolandCategory:Greater Poland Old Polish#ABY) introduces a clause of aim; to, in order to, so that [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’]
   • End of the 15th century, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume V, number 1:

     Czczy matka j occza twego, abi wsedl gnew mego

     [Czci matkę i oćca twego, aby uszedł gniewu mego]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^{transliteration, transcription}, Krakow, page 3b:

     Ona bila nan fszadla, abycz ona sfvim nogam bila malo othpoczynøla

     [Ona była nań wsiadła, abyć ona swym nogam była mało otpoczynęła]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, numbers 66, 1, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

     Osweczi oblicze swe nad nami y smiluy se nad nami, abichom poznali na zemi drogø twoiø (misereatur nostri, ut cognoscamus... viam tuam)

     [Oświeci oblicze swe nad nami i zmiłuj sie nad nami, abychom poznali na ziemi drogę twoję (misereatur nostri, ut cognoscamus... viam tuam)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^{transliteration, transcription}, Krakow, page 175b:

     Nasz Xt mily gest szø on byl naszim othczom vkaszal gneflyvy i tesze prycry, tego dla abicz go ony svymy grzechy ne gneualy

     [Nasz Kryst miły jest się on był naszym otcom ukazal gniewliwy i teże przykry, tegodla abyć go oni swymi grzechy nie gniewali]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 769:

     Szatan... odstąpił od niego na chwilę, iże mogł żałować tego Judasz, co uczynił, aby potem s tej boleści stąpił weń wtore

     [Szatan... odstąpił od niego na chwilę, iże mogł żałować tego Judasz, co uczynił, aby potem z tej boleści zstąpił weń wtore]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 87r:

     Ne precipitaret aby nye vpadl

     [Ne precipitaret aby nie upadł]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

2. (attested in Lesser PolandCategory:Lesser Poland Old Polish#ABY, Greater PolandCategory:Greater Poland Old Polish#ABY) Introduces an object clause; to, in order to, so that
   • 1413-1414, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume I, Iłża, page 263:

     [Day]..., aby... oth grzechu bychom zawszdy wyszwoleny (da..., ut... a peccato simus semper liberi)

     [[Daj]..., aby... ot grzechu bychom zawżdy wyzwoleni (da..., ut... a peccato simus semper liberi)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^{transliteration, transcription}, Krakow, page 183b:

     Kaszø boszø moczø, aby thy natichmasth fstala

     [Każę bożą mocą, aby ty natychmiast wstała]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 15th century, Spowiedź powszechna - Confessio generalis, number 3:

     Czyebye, kaplanye..., prossa, aby mya rosd[r]zessyl

     [Ciebie, kapłanie..., proszę, aby mię rozd[r]zeszył]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^{transliteration, transcription}, Krakow, page 183a:

     Prygaczele szøcz gø ony byly do swøtego Gana prynesly prosøcz go, abicz gø byl s marthvy krzesil

     [Przyjaciele sąć ją oni byli do świętego Jana przynieśli prosząc go, abyć ją był smartwykrzesił]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1930 [c. 1455], “Tob”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎^{transliteration, transcription}, 6, 10:

     Rzecze k nyemu Thobyas: Gdze chcesz, bichoua otpoczinøla (ubi vis, ut maneamus)?

     [Rzecze k niemu Tobijasz: Gdzie chcesz, abychowa otpoczynęła (ubi vis, ut maneamus)?]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • End of the 15th century, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume V, number 1:

     Pomny swanczicz nedzele y swante czy, aby sze ne vrich[l]il na uczynek przeklanty

     [Pomni święcić niedziele i święte czci, aby sie nie urych[l]ił na uczynek przeklęty]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, numbers 77, 9, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

     Wipowedzø sinom swogim, abi poloszili w bodze nadzeiø swoiø a bichø ne zapomneli dzal boszych (narrabunt filiis suis, ut ponant in deo spem suam et non obliviscantur operum dei)

     [Wypowiedzą synom swojim, aby położyli w Bodze nadzieję swoję a bychą nie zapomnieli dział bożych (narrabunt filiis suis, ut ponant in deo spem suam et non obliviscantur operum dei)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1902 [1404], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego‎, volume 6, Poznań, Pyzdry, Kościan, Gniezno, page 209:

     Czso na mø zaloval czesnik o *sszecz marc., abich gemv popral owsza lesnego y penødzi, tegom ya nie popral

     [Czso na mię żałował cześnik o szeć marcas, abych jemu pobrał owsa leśnego i pieniędzy, tegom ja nie pobral]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1885-2024 [c. 1450], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne‎, volume IV, page 572:

     Bubaczy timent, aby gym nye sklasl brzuch

     [Bubacy timent, aby jim nie sklęsł brzuch]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

3. (attested in Lesser PolandCategory:Lesser Poland Old Polish#ABY) Introduces a subject clause; to, in order to, so that
   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, number Ath 1, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

     Ktorykole chcze zbawon bycz przede wszym potrz[e]byszno gest, aby dzerszal krzescyanskø werø (quicumque vult salvus esse ante omnia opus est, ut teneat catholicam fidem)

     [Ktorykole chce zbawion być przede wszym potrz[e]bizno jest, aby dzierżał krześcijańską wierę (quicumque vult salvus esse ante omnia opus est, ut teneat catholicam fidem)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^{transliteration, transcription}, Krakow, page 14b:

     Tho ne gest f [s]twe voly, abicz thobe Xpt dal dludze stroue

     [To nie jest w [s]twe woli, abyć tobie Kryst dał długie zdrowie]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

4. (attested in Greater PolandCategory:Greater Poland Old Polish#ABY, MasoviaCategory:Masovia Old Polish#ABY) Introduces a qualifier clause; to, in order to, so that
   • 1885-2024 [c. 1428], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne‎, volume I, Międzyrzec, Warsaw, page 481:

     Nedawno mą rzecz byla pothkala, abich barzo crasznø pannø mylowal

     [Niedawno mię rzecz była potkała, abych barzo krasną pannę miłował]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

5. Introduces a resultative clause; to, in order to, so that
   • 1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎^{transliteration, transcription}, 14, 5:

     Czsosmi chczyely vczynycz, yszesmi puszczyly Izrahelya, abi nam nye sluszyl (quid voluimus facere, ut dimitteremus Israel, ne serviret nobis)?

     [Czsosmy chcieli uczynić, iżesmy puścili Izrahela, aby nam nie służył (quid voluimus facere, ut dimitteremus Israel, ne serviret nobis)?]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

6. (attested in Lesser PolandCategory:Lesser Poland Old Polish#ABY) even though, although
   • 1885-2024 [c. 1410], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne‎, volume IV, page 616:

     Aby mi s tobą vmrzecz, y[e]szcze ssze czebye nye zaprza et si optinuerit me mori tecum, non te negabo

     [Aby mi z tobą umrzeć, j[e]szcze sie ciebie nie zaprzę et si optinuerit me mori tecum, non te negabo]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^{transliteration, transcription}, Krakow, page 178a:

     Kalsdy prelath malbi szø on o crifdø kosczelnø... fszøcz, abycz mu sza to ssmercz podgøcz

     [Kalżdy prełat miałby się on o krzywdę kościelną... wziąć, abyć mu za to śmierć podjąć]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

7. (attested in Lesser PolandCategory:Lesser Poland Old Polish#ABY) Introduces an unreal conditional; if
   • Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 770:

     Zawołali potem wszyscy: ... Abyć nie był złodziej (si non esset hic malefactor Jo 18, 30), azabychmy ji podali tobie?

     [Zawołali potem wszyscy: ... Abyć nie był złodziej (si non esset hic malefactor Jo 18, 30), azabychmy ji podali tobie?]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1456, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume VI, Sandomierz, page 261:

     Vczynycz raczy, aby nam czyalo y krew badze namyleyszego syna twego (ut nobis corpus et sanguis fiat dilectissimi filii tui)

     [Uczynić raczy, aby nam ciało i krew będzie namilejszego Syna twego (ut nobis corpus et sanguis fiat dilectissimi filii tui)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1424, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume III, page 63:

     Day..., aby... od grzecha bylybychoom wolny (ut... a peccato simus semper liberi) y od wszelkego zameszkanya przeszpeczny

     [Daj..., aby... od grzecha bylibychom wolni (ut... a peccato simus semper liberi) i od wszelkiego zamieszkania przezpieczni]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • XV p. pr., Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume IX, page 258:

     Modlimy scha y thesz prosimi, aby przyemnye malby (uti accepta habeas) y przezegnay tho danye, thy dary

     [Modlimy się i też prosimy, aby przyjemnie miałby (uti accepta habeas) i przeżegnaj to danie, ty dary]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1930 [c. 1455], “Jos”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎^{transliteration, transcription}, 2, 12:

     Przetosz nynye przysyøszta mi na pana boga, aby yakozem ya s wami milosyernye vczinila, takyesz y vy vczincze s domem otcza mego (ut quomodo ego misericoridam feci vobiscum, ita et vos faciatis)

     [Przetoż ninie przysiężta mi na Pana Boga, aby jakożem ja z wami miłosiernie uczyniła, takież i wy uczyńcie z domem otca mego (ut quomodo ego misericoridam feci vobiscum, ita et vos faciatis)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, numbers 50, 19, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

     Vczin, gospodne, w dobrey woli twey Syon, abi sprawoni muri ierusalemske (ut aedificentur muri Ierusalem)

     [Uczyń, Gospodnie, w dobrej woli twej Syjon, aby sprawiony mury jeruzalemskie (ut aedificentur muri Ierusalem)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 291:

     Jesus kazał im, aby natychmiast milczeć (Jesus autem, ut tacerent, ipsis imperavit)

     [Jesus kazał im, aby natychmiast milczeć (Jesus autem, ut tacerent, ipsis imperavit)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

8. at least
   • 1874-1891 [XV p. post.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności‎^{, ,} , volume I, page XLI:

     Bo gdy bądzye lakozyrcza, obiczagya gynako thego nye odmyeny y nye odeymye aby z szmyerczyą (qui gulosus effectus est, vix aliter quam morte moris mutabit)

     [Bo gdy będzie łakożyrca, obyczaja jinako tego nie odmieni i nie odejmie aby z śmiercią (qui gulosus effectus est, vix aliter quam morte moris mutabit)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

Particle

abyCategory:Old Polish lemmas#ABYCategory:Old Polish particles#ABYCategory:Old Polish entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. (attested in Lesser PolandCategory:Lesser Poland Old Polish#ABY) may, I wish, if only
   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, numbers 108, 6, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

     Gdyz bødze sødø, aby wyssedl potøpon (cum iudicatur, exeat condemnatus)

     [Gdyż będzie sądzo[n], aby wyszedł potępion (cum iudicatur, exeat condemnatus)]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

   • Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎^{transliteration, transcription}, Krakow, page 174b:

     Abicz ony tesze svoge odzene vpraly (laventque vestimenta sua Ex 19, 10) y cisto ge mely; abycz ony tesze svymi szonamy pospolu ne leszely

     [Abyć oni teże swoje odzienie uprali (laventque vestimenta sua Ex 19, 10) i czysto je mieli; abyć oni teże z swymi żonami pospołu nie leżeli]

     Category:Old Polish terms with quotations#ABYCategory:Old Polish quotations with omitted translation#ABY

References

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “aby”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Mańczak, Witold (2017), “aby”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “aby”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “aby”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “aby”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
• Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “aby”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Alternative forms

• jaby (Łowicz)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish aby.Category:Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-#ABYCategory:Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ABYCategory:Polish terms inherited from Old Polish#ABYCategory:Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-#ABYCategory:Polish terms derived from Old Polish#ABYCategory:Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Pages with etymology trees#ABYCategory:Polish entries with etymology trees#ABYCategory:Polish entries with etymology texts#ABYCategory:Pages using etymon with no ID#ABY By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ byCategory:Polish univerbations#ABY.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

  Category:Polish terms with audio pronunciation#ABY
• Rhymes: -abɘCategory:Rhymes:Polish/abɘ#ABYCategory:Rhymes:Polish/abɘ/2 syllables#ABY
• Syllabification: a‧by

Conjunction

abyCategory:Polish lemmas#ABYCategory:Polish conjunctions#ABYCategory:Polish entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. to, in order to, so that (connects sentences either to express the goal of a speaker, when the speaker wishes to communicate a command or wish) [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’]

   Synonyms: by, żeby, ażeby

   Mówię po to, aby nie było cicho. ― I am speaking so that it isn't quiet.Category:Polish terms with usage examples#ABY

   Chcę, abyś jutro przyszedł. ― I want you to come tomorrow.Category:Polish terms with usage examples#ABY

2. to (used to connect a sequence of actions) [with infinitive ‘to do what’]

   Synonyms: by, żeby, ażeby

   Usiadł, aby znowu wstać. ― He sat down to get right back up again.Category:Polish terms with usage examples#ABY

3. so long as (used to express a wish for anything) [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’]

   Zrób to byle jak, aby szybciej ― Do it any which way, as long as it's faster.Category:Polish terms with usage examples#ABY

4. just to, for the sake of

   Czytał aby czytał ― He read just to readCategory:Polish terms with usage examples#ABY

5. (MasuriaCategory:Masuria Polish#ABY) introduces a conditional clause; if
6. (OstródaCategory:Ostróda Polish#ABY) introduces a comparative clause; as if

Particle

abyCategory:Polish lemmas#ABYCategory:Polish particles#ABYCategory:Polish entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. (colloquialCategory:Polish colloquialisms#ABY) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?

   Near-synonyms: czasami, czasem, przypadkiem

   Aby tam będzie? ― Do you really think he'll be there?Category:Polish terms with usage examples#ABY

2. (MasuriaCategory:Masuria Polish#ABY, OstródaCategory:Ostróda Polish#ABY, WarmiaCategory:Warmia Polish#ABY, optative) synonym of oby (“hopefully; had better; may”)
3. (Central Greater PolandCategory:Central Greater Poland Polish#ABY, Kalisz, Kościan, Sulmierzyce, Western Greater PolandCategory:Western Greater Poland Polish#ABY, Wolsztyn, Babimost, Southern Greater PolandCategory:Southern Greater Poland Polish#ABY, Kobylin, Śmigiel, Morownica, Targoszyce, Rawicz, Krobia, WieleńCategory:Wieleń Polish#ABY, Northern Greater PolandCategory:Northern Greater Poland Polish#ABY, Gołańcz, KuyaviaCategory:Kuyavian Polish#ABY, Kutno, Sójki, Ruszków, MasuriaCategory:Masuria Polish#ABY, WarmiaCategory:Warmia Polish#ABY, Near MasovianCategory:Near Masovian Polish#ABY, Czersk, Czaplin, Latowicz, Stoczek, Far MasovianCategory:Far Masovian Polish#ABY, Radzymin, Stary Kraszew, Rasztów, Wola Rasztowska, Przasnysz, ŁowiczCategory:Łowicz Polish#ABY, Bolimów, Masovian BorderlandCategory:Masovian Borderland Polish#ABY, Rawa Mazowiecka, Zwoleń, Western KrakówCategory:Western Kraków Polish#ABY, Siewierz, Sączów, Sławków, Żarki, Siewierz, Pilica, Tomaszowice, Western LublinCategory:Western Lublin Polish#ABY, Bychawa, Gałęzów, Wola Gałęzowska, Józwów, LasoviaCategory:Lasovia Polish#ABY) synonym of przynajmniej (“at least”)
4. (MasuriaCategory:Masuria Polish#ABY, OstródaCategory:Ostróda Polish#ABY, WarmiaCategory:Warmia Polish#ABY, delimitive) synonym of tylko (“only, just”)
5. (OstródaCategory:Ostróda Polish#ABY) synonym of niby (“seemingly, apparently, ostensibly, supposedly”)
6. (Central Greater PolandCategory:Central Greater Poland Polish#ABY, Czeszewo, PodhaleCategory:Podhale Polish#ABY) synonym of chybaby
7. (Northern BorderlandsCategory:Northern Borderlands Polish#ABY, Lithuania) synonym of byle

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), aby is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 110 times in scientific texts, 81 times in news, 113 times in essays, 89 times in fiction, and 37 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 430 times, making it the 108th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

References

Further reading

• aby in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• aby in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “aby”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “ABY”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.05.2008
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego, volume 1, page 3
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “aby”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 4
• Jan Karłowicz (1900), “aby”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 1: A do E, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 1
• Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024), “aby”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, volume 1, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 111-112

Adverb

abyCategory:Scots lemmas#ABYCategory:Scots adverbs#ABYCategory:Scots entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. Doric ScotsCategory:Doric Scots#ABY form of abye (“ago, past”)

References

• Eagle, Andy, editor (2026), “aby”, in The Online Scots Dictionary‎

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish aby.Category:Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Silesian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-#ABYCategory:Silesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ABYCategory:Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish#ABYCategory:Silesian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Silesian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-#ABYCategory:Silesian terms derived from Old Polish#ABYCategory:Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic#ABYCategory:Pages with etymology trees#ABYCategory:Silesian entries with etymology trees#ABYCategory:Silesian entries with etymology texts#ABYCategory:Pages using etymon with no ID#ABY By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ byCategory:Silesian univerbations#ABY.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈa.bɪ/Category:Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation#ABY

• Audio:

  (file)

  Category:Silesian terms with audio pronunciation#ABY
• Rhymes: -abɪCategory:Rhymes:Silesian/abɪ#ABYCategory:Rhymes:Silesian/abɪ/2 syllables#ABY
• Syllabification: a‧by

Conjunction

abyCategory:Silesian lemmas#ABYCategory:Silesian conjunctions#ABYCategory:Silesian entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. denotes aim or goal; to, in order to

   Synonyms: ażby, by, coby, iżeby, żeby

Particle

abyCategory:Silesian lemmas#ABYCategory:Silesian particles#ABYCategory:Silesian entries with incorrect language header#ABYCategory:Pages with entries#ABYCategory:Pages with 9 entries#ABY

1. (focusCategory:Silesian focus adverbs#ABY) at least (at the least; at a minimum or lower limit)

   Synonyms: (Cieszyn) aspōń, chociŏż, przinojmnij

Further reading

• aby in silling.org