来る

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
来
く
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
來る (kyūjitai)
Category:Japanese terms spelled with 来 read as く#くるCategory:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#くるCategory:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#くる

From Old JapaneseCategory:Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese#くるCategory:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#くるCategory:Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese#くる 來 (ku), from Proto-JaponicCategory:Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic#くるCategory:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#くるCategory:Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic#くる *ku. Compare the development of modern する (suru)Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#来る from Old Japanese す.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Cognate with Kunigami 来ん (sun), Miyako 来 (ksï), Okinawan 来ーん (chuun), Yaeyama 来ん (kïn), Yonaguni 来ん (kun).

Pronunciation

Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#くる
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 来る
Plain 来る くる [kúꜜrù]
Conjunctive 来て きて [kíꜜtè]
Perfective 来た きた [kíꜜtà]
Negative 来ない こない [kóꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 来なかった こなかった [kóꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 来れば くれば [kúꜜrèbà]
Past conditional 来たら きたら [kíꜜtàrà]
Imperative 来い こい [kóꜜì]
Volitional 来よう こよー [kòyóꜜò]
Desiderative 来たい きたい [kìtáꜜì]
Formal 来ます きます [kìmáꜜsù]
Formal negative 来ません きません [kìmáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 来ましょう きましょー [kìmáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 来ました きました [kìmáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 来
来に		 き
きに		 [kíꜜ]
[kíꜜ nì]
Negative continuative 来ず
来ずに		 こず
こずに		 [kóꜜzù]
[kóꜜzù nì]
Passive 来られる こられる [kòráréꜜrù]
Causative 来させる
来さす		 こさせる
こさす		 [kòsáséꜜrù]
[kòsáꜜsù]
Potential 来られる こられる [kòráréꜜrù]

Verb

来(く)る • (kuruCategory:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#来る) intransitive kuru (stem 来(き) (ki)Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with manual fragments#来る, past 来(き)た (kita)Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with manual fragments#来る)Category:Japanese lemmas#くるCategory:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#くるCategory:Japanese verbs#くるCategory:Japanese terms with multiple readings#くるCategory:Japanese intransitive verbs#くるCategory:Japanese kuru verbs#くるCategory:Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji#くるCategory:Japanese terms with 1 kanji#くるCategory:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#くるCategory:Pages with entries#来るCategory:Pages with 1 entry#来る

  1. to come (toward the speaker) [from 712]
    お客(きゃく)さんがあまり来(こ)ないお店(みせ)
    o-kyaku-san ga amari konai o-mise
    a shop that does not see many visitors
    Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くるCategory:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
  2. (of a time) to come; to be upon one
    春(はる)よ来(こ)い。 ― Haru yo koi. ― Come, O spring.Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
  3. (of a sensation) to come and stimulate [from 1908]
    心(こころ)に来(く)る悲(かな)しさ
    kokoro ni kuru kanashisa
    sadness that strikes the heart
    Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くるCategory:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
    喉(のど)に来(く)る辛(から)さ
    nodo ni kuru karasa
    spiciness that assaults the throat
    Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くるCategory:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
    胃(い)に来(く)る
    i ni kuru
    to noticeably affect the stomach
    Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くるCategory:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
    メンタルにくる ― mentaru ni kuru ― mentally taxingCategory:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
  4. (と来たら (to kitara)) when it comes to
  6. (auxiliaryCategory:Japanese auxiliary verbs#くる) [with (verb in ren'yōkei +) て (te)]
    1. to do something in the direction of the speaker
      帰(かえ)ってきて！ ― Kaette kite! ― Come back!Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
    2. to go somewhere else, do something, and then come back
      パンを買(か)ってくる。 ― Pan o katte kuru. ― I'll go and buy some bread (and come back).Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
      行(い)ってきます。 ― Itte kimasu. ― I'm going out. (literally, “I'll go and come back.”)Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
    3. to do something and thereby come about, appear, come to be
      昔(むかし)の本(ほん)が出(で)てきた。 ― Mukashi no hon ga dete kita. ― An old book appeared.Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
    4. used to express that a certain action having continued or repeated has led to the current state
      ずっと耐(た)えてきた。
      Zutto taete kita.
      I've endured all this time (and thus exist as I am now).
      Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くるCategory:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
    5. used to express that a state has been reached
      寒(さむ)くなってきた。 ― Samuku natte kita. ― It's got cold.Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
      人(にん)数(ずう)が増(ふ)えてきた。 ― Ninzū ga fuete kita. ― The number of people has increased.Category:Japanese terms with usage examples#くる
Usage notes
Conjugation
Conjugation of "来る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 来 こ ko
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 来 き ki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 来る くる kuru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 来る くる kuru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 来れ くれ kure
Meireikei ("imperative") 来い こい koi
Key constructions
Passive 来られる こられる korareru
Causative 来させる
来さす		 こさせる
こさす		 kosaseru
kosasu
Potential 来られる こられる korareru
Volitional 来よう こよう koyō
Negative 来ない こない konai
Negative continuative 来ず こず kozu
Formal 来ます きます kimasu
Perfective 来た きた kita
Conjunctive 来て きて kite
Hypothetical conditional 来れば くれば kureba
Classical conjugation of "來" (カ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 來こko
Continuative (連用形) 來きki
Terminal (終止形) 來くku
Attributive (連体形) 來るくるkuru
Realis (已然形) 來れくれkure
Imperative (命令形) 來
來よ		こ
こよ		ko
koyo
Key constructions
Negative 來ずこずkozu
Contrasting conjunction 來れどくれどkuredo
Causal conjunction 來ればくればkureba
Conditional conjunction 來ばこばkoba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 來し[1]
來し[1]		こし
きし		kosi
kisi
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 來けりきけりkikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 來つきつkitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 來ぬきぬkinu
Perfect-continuative tense 來たりきたりkitari
Volitional 來むこむkomu

[1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation.

Extended conjugation of kuru "来る" (Class: ka-gyō henkaku "k-irregular")
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation)
Ren’yōkei ("continuative form") 来き [ki]
Rentaikei ("attributive form") 来くる [kuru]
Positive Negative
Conjunctive (te-form) 来きて [kite] 来こないで [konai de]
来こなくて [konakute]
Non-past / Imperfective
Positive Negative
Plain 来くる [kuru] 来こない [konai]
Polite 来きます [kimasu] 来きません [kimasen]
Past / Perfective
Positive Negative
Plain 来きた [kita] 来こなかった [konakatta]
Polite 来きました [kimashita] 来きませんでした [kimasen deshita]
Passive
Verb stem 来こられ [korare]
Positive Negative
Plain 来こられる [korareru] 来こられない [korarenai]
Polite 来こられます [koraremasu] 来こられません [koraremasen]
Past 来こられた [korareta] 来こられなかった [korarenakatta]
Polite past 来こられました [koraremashita] 来こられませんでした [koraremasen deshita]
Causative
Verb stem 来こさせ [kosase]
Positive Negative
Plain 来こさせる [kosaseru]
short form: 来こさす [kosasu]		 来こさせない [kosasenai]
Polite 来こさせます [kosasemasu] 来こさせません [kosasemasen]
Past 来こさせた [kosaseta] 来こさせなかった [kosasenakatta]
Polite past 来こさせました [kosasemashita] 来こさせませんでした [kosasemasen deshita]
Potential
Verb stem 来こられ [korare]
Positive Negative
Plain 来こられる [korareru] 来こられない [korarenai]
Polite 来こられます [koraremasu] 来こられません [koraremasen]
Past 来こられた [korareta] 来こられなかった [korarenakatta]
Polite past 来こられました [koraremashita] 来こられませんでした [koraremasen deshita]
Imperative
Positive Negative
Meireikei / Firm instruction 来こい [koi] —
Other imperative constructions
Positive Negative
Polite request 来きてください [kite kudasai] 来こないでください [konai de kudasai]
-nasai form 来きなさい [kinasai] —
Prohibitive / Do not ~ — 来くるな [kuru na]
Volitional / Presumptive
Positive Negative
Plain 来こよう [koyō] —
Polite 来こましょう [komashō] —
Conditional
Positive Negative
Hypothetical / Provisional 来くれば [kureba] 来なければ [konakereba]
colloquial: 来こなきゃ [konakya]
-tara form 来きたら [kitara] 来なかったら [konakattara]
Causative passive
Verb stem 来こさせられ [kosaserare]
Positive Negative
Plain 来こさせられる [kosaserareru] 来こさせられない [kosaserarenai]
Polite 来こさせられます [kosaseraremasu] 来こさせられません [kosaseraremasen]
Past 来こさせられた [kosaserareta] 来こさせられなかった [kosaserarenakatta]
Polite past 来こさせられました [kosaseraremashita] 来こさせられませんでした [kosaseraremasen deshita]
Desiderative (-tai form)
Positive Negative
Plain 来きたい [kitai] 来きたくない [kitaku nai]
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection.
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form)
Positive Negative
Plain 来きている [kite iru]
contraction: 来きてる [kiteru]		 来きていない [kite inai]
contraction: 来きてない [kitenai]
Polite 来きています [kite imasu] 来きていません [kite imasen]
Past 来きていた [kite ita] 来きていなかった [kite inakatta]
Polite past 来きていました [kite imashita] 来きていませんでした [kite imasen deshita]
Other forms and constructions
Archaic or classical negative 来こぬ [konu] ¹
Archaic attributive negative
Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative 来こん [kon]
Negative continuative 来こず [kozu] ¹
(〜に): without ~ing
Representative / Listing examples 来きたり [kitari]

¹ Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech.

Antonyms
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
来
きた
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
來る (kyūjitai)
来たる
Category:Japanese terms spelled with 来 read as きた#きたるCategory:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#きたるCategory:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi#きたる
Japanese verb pair
active 来(きた)す
mediopassive 来(きた)る

From 来(き) (ki, continuative form of etymology 1) + 至(いた)る (itaru)Category:Japanese compound terms#きいたるCategory:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#きいたる.

Pronunciation

Category:Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)#くるCategory:Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)#くるCategory:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#くる
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 来る
Plain 来る きたる [kìtáꜜrù]
Conjunctive 来って きたって [kìtáꜜttè]
Perfective 来った きたった [kìtáꜜttà]
Negative 来らない きたらない [kìtáráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 来らなかった きたらなかった [kìtáráꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 来れば きたれば [kìtáꜜrèbà]
Past conditional 来ったら きたったら [kìtáꜜttàrà]
Imperative 来れ きたれ [kìtáꜜrè]
Volitional 来ろう きたろー [kìtáróꜜò]
Desiderative 来りたい きたりたい [kìtárítáꜜì]
Formal 来ります きたります [kìtárímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 来りません きたりません [kìtárímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 来りましょう きたりましょー [kìtárímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 来りました きたりました [kìtárímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 来り
来りに		 きたり
きたりに		 [kìtáꜜrì]
[kìtáꜜrì nì]
Negative continuative 来らず
来らずに		 きたらず
きたらずに		 [kìtáráꜜzù]
[kìtáráꜜzù nì]
Passive 来られる きたられる [kìtáráréꜜrù]
Causative 来らせる
来らす		 きたらせる
きたらす		 [kìtáráséꜜrù]
[kìtáráꜜsù]
Potential 来れる きたれる [kìtáréꜜrù]

Verb

来(きた)る • (kitaruCategory:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#来る) intransitive godan (stem 来(きた)り (kitari)Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with manual fragments#来る, past 来(きた)った (kitatta)Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with manual fragments#来る)Category:Japanese lemmas#きたるCategory:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#きたるCategory:Japanese verbs#きたるCategory:Japanese terms with multiple readings#きたるCategory:Japanese intransitive verbs#きたるCategory:Japanese godan verbs#きたるCategory:Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru#きたるCategory:Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji#きたるCategory:Japanese terms with 1 kanji#きたるCategory:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#きたるCategory:Pages with entries#来るCategory:Pages with 1 entry#来る

  1. to come, to arrive
Conjugation
Conjugation of "来る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 来ら きたら kitara
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 来り きたり kitari
Shūshikei ("terminal") 来る きたる kitaru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 来る きたる kitaru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 来れ きたれ kitare
Meireikei ("imperative") 来れ きたれ kitare
Key constructions
Passive 来られる きたられる kitarareru
Causative 来らせる
来らす		 きたらせる
きたらす		 kitaraseru
kitarasu
Potential 来れる きたれる kitareru
Volitional 来ろう きたろう kitarō
Negative 来らない きたらない kitaranai
Negative continuative 来らず きたらず kitarazu
Formal 来ります きたります kitarimasu
Perfective 来った きたった kitatta
Conjunctive 来って きたって kitatte
Hypothetical conditional 来れば きたれば kitareba
Classical conjugation of "來る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 來らきたらkitara
Continuative (連用形) 來りきたりkitari
Terminal (終止形) 來るきたるkitaru
Attributive (連体形) 來るきたるkitaru
Realis (已然形) 來れきたれkitare
Imperative (命令形) 來れきたれkitare
Key constructions
Negative 來らずきたらずkitarazu
Contrasting conjunction 來れどきたれどkitaredo
Causal conjunction 來ればきたればkitareba
Conditional conjunction 來らばきたらばkitaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 來りききたりきkitariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 來りけりきたりけりkitarikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 來りつきたりつkitaritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 來りぬきたりぬkitarinu
Perfect-continuative tense 來れり
來りたり		きたれり
きたりたり		kitareri
kitaritari
Volitional 來らむきたらむkitaramu

See also

References

  1. ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#来る [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#来る [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  5. ↑ Uwano, Zendo (31 October 2002), “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎, →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022
  6. 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#来るCategory:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#来る [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
Category:Japanese auxiliary verbs Category:Japanese compound terms Category:Japanese godan verbs Category:Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru Category:Japanese intransitive verbs Category:Japanese kuru verbs Category:Japanese lemmas Category:Japanese links with manual fragments Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks Category:Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese Category:Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic Category:Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese Category:Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic Category:Japanese terms read with kun'yomi Category:Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji Category:Japanese terms spelled with 来 read as きた Category:Japanese terms spelled with 来 read as く Category:Japanese terms with 1 kanji Category:Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō) Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent Category:Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō) Category:Japanese terms with multiple readings Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys Category:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Category:Japanese terms with usage examples Category:Japanese verbs Category:Pages with 1 entry Category:Pages with entries