shall

English

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Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#SHALLCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#SHALL schal (infinitive schulen), from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#SHALLCategory:English terms derived from Old English#SHALL sċeal (infinitive sċulan (“should, must”)), from Proto-West GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#SHALLCategory:English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#SHALL *skulan, from Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#SHALLCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#SHALL *skal (infinitive *skulaną), from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#SHALL *skel- (“to owe, be under obligation”).

Cognate with Scots sall, sal (“shall”), North Frisian skal, schal, Saterland Frisian skäl, schäl, schal (infinitive skälle, schälle), West Frisian sil (infinitive sille (“shall”)), Dutch zal (infinitive zullen (“shall”)), Low German schall (infinitive schölen (“shall”)), German soll (infinitive sollen (“ought to”)), Danish skal (infinitive skulle (“shall”)), Icelandic skal (infinitive skulu (“shall”)), Afrikaans sal, Swedish skall (“shall”) (infinitive skola).

Pronunciation

Verb

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

shall (third-person singular simple present shall, no present participle, simple past should, no past participle)Category:English lemmas#SHALLCategory:English verbs#SHALLCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#SHALLCategory:Pages with entries#SHALLCategory:Pages with 3 entries#SHALL (modal, auxiliaryCategory:English auxiliary verbs#SHALL, defectiveCategory:English defective verbs#SHALL)

  1. Used before a verb to indicate the simple future tense in the first person singular or plural.
    I shall sing in the choir tomorrow.Category:English terms with usage examples#SHALL
    I hope that we shall win the game.Category:English terms with usage examples#SHALL
  2. Used similarly to indicate determination or obligation in the second and third persons singular or plural.
    (determination): You shall go to the ball!; He shall be given a fair trial.
    (obligation): Citizens shall provide proof of identity.
    (obligation): The renter shall be responsible for maintenance of the vehicle.
    Things haven't turned out as I intended they should, but I still intend that you shall take over the business.Category:English terms with usage examples#SHALL
  3. Used in questions with the first person singular or plural to suggest a possible future action.
    I'll hold that for you, shall I?Category:English terms with usage examples#SHALL
    Let us examine that, shall we? - Yeah let's.Category:English terms with usage examples#SHALL
  4. (obsoleteCategory:English terms with obsolete senses#SHALL) To owe.
    I thee shall a hundred golden coins; th'amount thou shalt the Queen is much higher.Category:English terms with usage examples#SHALL
    He should þe Princess his Life, for she had deliver'd him from þe Poison deadly.Category:English terms with usage examples#SHALL

Usage notes

  • Shall is about one-fourth as common as will in North America compared to in the United Kingdom. Lack of exposure leads many in North America to consider it formal or even pompous or archaic, best reserved for court decisions and legal contracts. North Americans mainly use it in senses two and three.
  • In law, shall is typically used to impose obligation, though the word can also convey discretionary power or recommendation. Due to its ambiguity, some jurisdictions refrain from using the term in law drafting and official writing.[1][2][3][4]
  • In the past, will and shall were interchangeable and synonymous, used similarly as auxiliary verbs for the future tense but separate persons. The simple future tense traditionally used shall for the first person ("I" and "we"), and will for the second and third persons. This distinction existed largely in formal language and gradually disappeared in Early Modern English.
    I shall go.
    You will go.
    • An emphatic future tense, indicating volition of the speaker—determination, promise, obligation, or permission, depending on the context—, reverses the two words, using will for the first person and shall for the second and third person.
      I will go.
      You shall go.
    • Usage can be reversed in questions and in dependent clauses—especially with indirect discourse. For example: Shall you do it? anticipates the response I shall do it. Or: he says that he shall win or he expects that he shall win anticipate his saying I shall win, not I will win.
  • The second-person singular form (used with thou) is irregular, shalt. Shallest, shalst are rare, often hypercorrect.
  • The past tense form should can be used in reported speech, e.g., I hoped that I should find you here. This use of should may not be readily apparent to speakers who do not often use shall.

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Sranan Tongo: sa

Translations

See also

References

  1. ↑ Law Drafting Division, Department of Justice (2012), Drafting Legislation in Hong Kong — A Guide to Styles and Practices‎, page 90: “LDD no longer uses “shall” to impose an obligation or its negative forms to impose a prohibition. Moreover, it is not used for any other purpose for which it had been used.”
  2. ↑ Plain Language Action and Information Network (2011), Federal Plain Language Guidelines‎, page 25: “Besides being outdated, “shall” is imprecise. It can indicate either an obligation or a prediction. Dropping “shall” is a major step in making your document more user-friendly.”
  3. ↑ New Zealand Law Commission (2012), Legislation Manual: Structure and Style‎, page 43: “Although shall is used to impose a duty or a prohibition, it is also used to indicate the future tense. This can lead to confusion. Shall is less and less in common usage, partly because it is difficult to use correctly.”
  4. ↑ Office of Parliamentary Counsel, Australia (2012), Plain English Manual‎, page 20: “The traditional style uses “shall” for the imperative. However, the word is ambiguous, as it can also be used to make a statement about the future. Moreover, in common usage it’s not understood as imposing an obligation.”

Anagrams

Category:English auxiliary verbs#SHALLCategory:English irregular verbs#SHALLCategory:English modal verbs#SHALL

Albanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman TurkishCategory:Albanian terms borrowed from Ottoman Turkish#SALCategory:Albanian terms derived from Ottoman Turkish#SAL شال (şal).

Noun

shall m (plural shalle, definite shalli, definite plural shallet)Category:Albanian lemmas#SALCategory:Albanian nouns#SALCategory:Albanian entries with incorrect language header#SALCategory:Albanian masculine nouns#SALCategory:Pages with entries#SHALLCategory:Pages with 3 entries#SHALL

  1. shawl
  2. scarf

Declension

Declension of shall
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative shall shalli shalle shallet
accusative shallin
dative shalli shallit shalleve shalleve
ablative shallesh

Further reading

  • “shall”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
  • FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980

Yola

Verb

shallCategory:Yola lemmas#SHALLCategory:Yola verbs#SHALLCategory:Yola entries with incorrect language header#SHALLCategory:Pages with entries#SHALLCategory:Pages with 3 entries#SHALL

  1. alternative form of shell
    • 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 102:
      To fho shall ich maake mee redress?
      To whom shall I make my redress?
      Category:Yola terms with quotations#SHALL

References

  • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 102
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