ir
Page categories
Alemannic German
Etymology
From Old High GermanCategory:Alemannic German terms inherited from Old High German#IRCategory:Alemannic German terms derived from Old High German#IR ir, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Alemannic German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#IRCategory:Alemannic German terms derived from Proto-Germanic#IR *jīz, a variant of *jūz.
Pronunciation
Pronoun
irCategory:Alemannic German lemmas#IRCategory:Alemannic German pronouns#IRCategory:Alemannic German entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- you (plural)
Declension
| nominative | accusative | dative | possessive m | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | 1st person | ich, i | mich, mi | mir, mier, mer | min, miin | |
| 2nd person |
familiar | du | dich, di | dir, dier, der | din, diin | |
| polite | Si | Ine, Ene, -ne | Ire | |||
| 3rd person |
m | er | in, en | im | sin, siin | |
| f | si | ire | ||||
| n | es, 's, -s | im | sin, siin | |||
| plural | 1st person | mir, mer | üs, öis, ois, eus | üse, öise, oise, euse | ||
| 2nd person | ir, ier | öi, eu | öie, eure | |||
| 3rd person | si | ine, ene, -ne | ire | |||
Aragonese
Etymology
Inherited from LatinCategory:Aragonese terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Aragonese terms derived from Latin#IR īre.
Verb
irCategory:Aragonese lemmas#IRCategory:Aragonese verbs#IRCategory:Aragonese entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
Chuukese
Pronoun
irCategory:Chuukese lemmas#IRCategory:Chuukese pronouns#IRCategory:Chuukese entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
Related terms
Danish
Etymology
Either the old word for "copper" or some derivation from it: Old NorseCategory:Danish terms inherited from Old Norse#IRCategory:Danish terms derived from Old Norse#IR eir, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Danish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#IRCategory:Danish terms derived from Proto-Germanic#IR *aiz.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈiɐ̯], [ˈiɐ̯ˀ]Category:Danish terms with IPA pronunciation#IR
Noun
ir c (singular definite irren, not used in plural form)Category:Danish lemmas#IRCategory:Danish nouns#IRCategory:Danish entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Danish common-gender nouns#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
Declension
Derived terms
References
- “ir” in Den Danske Ordbog
Elfdalian
Verb
irCategory:Elfdalian lemmas#IRCategory:Elfdalian verbs#IRCategory:Elfdalian entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
Galician
Etymology
Category:Galician terms derived from Proto-Italic#IRCategory:Galician terms inherited from Proto-Italic#IRCategory:Galician terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Galician terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#IRFrom Old Galician-PortugueseCategory:Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese#IRCategory:Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese#IR ir, from LatinCategory:Galician terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Galician terms derived from Latin#IR īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of LatinCategory:Galician terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Galician terms derived from Latin#IR vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of LatinCategory:Galician terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Galician terms derived from Latin#IR esse.
Verb
ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fun, past participle ido)Category:Galician lemmas#IRCategory:Galician verbs#IRCategory:Galician verbs ending in -ir#IRCategory:Galician irregular verbs#IRCategory:Galician entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fum or fui, past participle ido, reintegrationist norm)Category:Galician lemmas#IRCategory:Galician verbs#IRCategory:Galician verbs ending in -ir#IRCategory:Galician irregular verbs#IRCategory:Galician entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- to go (to move to a destination) [with para or a or en ‘to somewhere’; or with ata ‘as far as somewhere’]
- A Maruxa vai na casa ― Maruxa went home.Category:Galician terms with usage examples#IR
- (auxiliaryCategory:Galician auxiliary verbs#IR) will; to be going to; forms the future tense [with infinitive]
- A Maruxa vai marchar ― Maruxa is going to depart.Category:Galician terms with usage examples#IR
- (pronominal) to go; to leave; to depart
- A Maruxa foise. ― Maruxa went away.Category:Galician terms with usage examples#IR
- to work, function, run
- —Vai ou non vai? —Non vai.
- Does that work or does it not work? No, it doesn't work.
Conjugation
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) |
Second-person (ti) |
Third-person (el / ela / Vde.) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | ir | |||||
| Personal | ir | ires | ir | irmos | irdes | iren |
| Gerund | ||||||
| indo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | ido | idos | ||||
| Feminine | ida | idas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | vou | vas | vai | imos | ides | van |
| Imperfect | ía | ías | ía | iamos | iades | ían |
| Preterite | fun | fuches | foi | fomos | fostes | foron |
| Pluperfect | fora | foras | fora | foramos | forades | foran |
| Future | irei | irás | irá | iremos | iredes | irán |
| Conditional | iría | irías | iría | iriamos | iriades | irían |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | vaia | vaias | vaia | vaiamos | vaiades | vaian |
| Imperfect | fose | foses | fose | fósemos | fósedes | fosen |
| Future | for | fores | for | formos | fordes | foren |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | vai | vaia | vamos | ide | vaian | |
| Negative (non) | non vaias | non vaia | non vaiamos | non vaiades | non vaian | |
1Less recommended.
Derived terms
See also
References
- Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “ir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ir”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ir”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
Interlingua
Etymology
From LatinCategory:Interlingua terms derived from Latin#IR īre, active present infinitive of eō; which its conjugation also influenced by French aller (present indicatives vais, vas, va, and vont all from LatinCategory:Interlingua terms derived from Latin#IR vadō).
Verb
irCategory:Interlingua lemmas#IRCategory:Interlingua verbs#IRCategory:Interlingua entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IRCategory:Interlingua irregular verbs#IR
- to go
Conjugation
Antonyms
Kaera
Etymology
From Proto-Alor–Pantar *jira.
Noun
irCategory:Kaera lemmas#IRCategory:Kaera nouns#IRCategory:Kaera entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
References
- Gary Holton and Laura Robinson, The Internal History of the Alor-Pantar language family, in The Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology, edited by Marian Klamer
- Marian Klamer, One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa (2010, in wing & Klamer) and Kaera (2014, in Schapper)
- Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper, The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar, Oceanic Linguistics 2012:1
Ladino
Alternative forms
Etymology
Category:Ladino terms derived from Proto-Italic#IRCategory:Ladino terms inherited from Proto-Italic#IRCategory:Ladino terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Ladino terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#IRInherited from Old SpanishCategory:Ladino terms inherited from Old Spanish#IRCategory:Ladino terms derived from Old Spanish#IR ir (“to go”), from LatinCategory:Ladino terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Ladino terms derived from Latin#IR īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of LatinCategory:Ladino terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Ladino terms derived from Latin#IR vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of LatinCategory:Ladino terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Ladino terms derived from Latin#IR esse.[1]
Verb
ir (Hebrew spelling איר)Category:Ladino lemmas#IRCategory:Ladino verbs#IRCategory:Ladino verbs in Latin script#IRCategory:Ladino entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR[2]
- (intransitiveCategory:Ladino intransitive verbs#IR) to go (away from speaker and listener)
- Ey senyor, voy a esnoga.
- Hi mister, I’m going to the synagogue.
- (said of things or people, intransitiveCategory:Ladino intransitive verbs#IR) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)
- (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa:
- este vestido no te vaCategory:Ladino terms with quotations#IR
- This outfit doesn’t suit you.
- (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitiveCategory:Ladino intransitive verbs#IR) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on; carry on; continue
- (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa:
- va kaminandoCategory:Ladino terms with quotations#IR
- it continues
- (auxiliaryCategory:Ladino auxiliary verbs#IR) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense [with a (+ infinitive) ‘do something’]
- (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa:
- le vo dizirCategory:Ladino terms with quotations#IR
- I am going to tell him.
- (intransitiveCategory:Ladino intransitive verbs#IR) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's
- (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa:
- No vayamos mas leshosCategory:Ladino terms with quotations#IR
- Let’s go no further.
Conjugation
| infinitive | ir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | indo | ||||||
| participle | ido | ||||||
| number | singular | plural | |||||
| person | first person | second person | third person | first person | second person | third person | |
| indicative | yo | tu | el eya |
mozotros mozotras |
vozotros vozotras |
eyos eyas | |
| simple present | vo, voy |
vas | va | vamos | vash | van | |
| imperfect | iva | ivas | iva | ivamos | ivash | ivan | |
| preterite | fui | fuites | fue | fuimos | fuitesh | fueron | |
| future | iré | irás | irá | iremos | irásh | irán | |
| conditional | iriya | iriyas | iriya | iriyamos | iriyash | iriyan | |
| subjunctive | yo | tu | el eya |
mozotros mozotras |
vozotros vozotras |
eyos eyas | |
| present | vaya | vayas | vaya | vayamos | vayásh | vayan | |
| past | fuera | fueras | fuera | fuéramos | fuerash | fueran | |
| imperative | — | — | — | — | |||
| affirmative | (vaya) | va | (vaya) | (vayamos) | vayash | (vayan) | |
| negativo | (no vaya) | no vayas | (no vaya) | (no vayamos) | no vayásh | (no vayan) | |
References
- ↑ Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (1983–1991), “ir”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic etymological dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
- ↑ “ir”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola [Treasury of the Judeo-Spanish Language] (in Ladino, Hebrew, and English), Instituto Maale Adumim
Latgalian
Etymology
Shortened form of irā, from Proto-BalticCategory:Latgalian terms derived from Proto-Baltic#IR *irā. Akin to Latvian ir.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ir/Category:Latgalian terms with IPA pronunciation#IR
- Hyphenation: ir
Verb
irCategory:Latgalian non-lemma forms#IRCategory:Latgalian verb forms#IRCategory:Latgalian entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
Usage notes
- ir is mostly used in unstressed positions, while irā is mostly common for stressed positions in the sentence.
References
- Nicole Nau (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 48
Latin
Alternative forms
Etymology
Cognate with Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír).
Pronunciation
Noun
īr n sg (indeclinable, no genitive)Category:Latin lemmas#IRCategory:Latin nouns#IRCategory:Latin indeclinable nouns#IRCategory:Latin neuter indeclinable nouns#IRCategory:Latin nouns with no genitive singular#IRCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Latin neuter nouns#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
References
- “hir”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “hīr ou īr”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- hīr u. īr in Georges, Karl Ernst; Georges, Heinrich (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th edition, volume 1, Hahnsche Buchhandlung
Latvian
Etymology 1
From Proto-BalticCategory:Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic#IR *irā (cf. dialectal, archaic forms irād, iraid, irāg, and also Lithuanian yrà, which existed alongside *esti (cf. Old Church Slavonic єстъ (estŭ), Russian есть (jestʹ), Lithuanian dialectal ẽsti, Old Prussian ast), initially with basically existential (“there is”) meaning, but later on extending to all copular meanings, thus replacing *esti. In Sudovian, also the first person form irm (“I am”) is derived from this stem. The origin of Proto-Baltic *irā is, however, unclear. Various sources have been proposed: an older interjection (cf. Lithuanian aurè (“look!”)), the particle and conjunction ir (“both... and...”), a noun with the meaning “existence,” “reality,” “thing,” or even (more recently) the Proto-Indo-European secondary third-person verbal ending *-r with a later -ā-extension.[1]
Pronunciation
Verb
irCategory:Latvian non-lemma forms#IRCategory:Latvian verb forms#IRCategory:Latvian entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- (he, she, it) is; third-person singular present indicative of būt
- (they) are; third-person plural present indicative of būt
- (with the particle lai) let (him, her, it) be; third-person singular imperative of būt
- (with the particle lai) let them be; third-person plural imperative of būt
Etymology 2
From Proto-BalticCategory:Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic#IR *ir, from the reduced grade *h₂r̥ of Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IR *h₂er- (“so, then; question particle”) (whence also Latvian ar (“with”); see there for more). The original meaning “and” (compare Lithuanian cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th century on ir was no longer used in this sense. Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and”)Category:Lithuanian links with redundant target parameters#IR, Old Prussian ir (“also”), er (“(along) with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα, ἄρ’, ῥά (ára, ár’, rhá, “so, then, therefore”).[1]
Conjunction
irCategory:Latvian lemmas#IRCategory:Latvian conjunctions#IRCategory:Latvian entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- additive conjunction used to join several similar sentence elements, indicating their similar nature: both ... and ..., ... and also ..., ... as well as ...
- gribējas ir smieties, ir raudāt ― one wanted both to laugh and to cryCategory:Latvian terms with usage examples#IR
- nāca ir jaunie, ir vecie ― both the young and the old cameCategory:Latvian terms with usage examples#IR
- tolaik ir tēvs, ir māte bija miruši ― at that time, both the father and the mother had diedCategory:Latvian terms with usage examples#IR
- tā bija droša, interesanta un glīta meitene, kas prata būt ir jautra, ir nopietna ― that was a brave, fun (lit. interesting) and pretty girl, who knew how to be both cheerful and seriousCategory:Latvian terms with usage examples#IR
- nakts kā jau nakts: ir mēness spīd, ir tālē rūsa plaiksnī ― the night is like the night (= as usual): the moon shines and also in the distance silent lightning flashesCategory:Latvian terms with usage examples#IR
Synonyms
Particle
irCategory:Latvian lemmas#IRCategory:Latvian particles#IRCategory:Latvian entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- used to mark connection and emphasis, reinforcement; syn. arī
- Ludis nolēca lielā dubļu pančkā un tur ir palika, ratiem pakaļ skatīdamies ― Ludis jumped into a big mud puddle and there also he stayed, looking ahead at the cartCategory:Latvian terms with usage examples#IR
- Dūdums pateica: “man vēl laika diezgan”, un pārliecināt viņu par piegādes normu nodošanu pirms termiņa tā ir neizdevās — Dūdums said: “I still have enough time,” and also, so it was impossible to convince him about the rules for delivery before the deadline
- used to mark emphasis, to reinforce; syn. pat: really, even
- tas viņam ir prātā nenāk ― that doesn't even come to his mindCategory:Latvian terms with usage examples#IR
- krūmos ir pa naktīm guļot, pilsētā viņš parādoties reti ― really sleeping at night in the bushes, he appeared rarely in the cityCategory:Latvian terms with usage examples#IR
Synonyms
References
- 1 2 Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “ir”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
Lithuanian
Etymology
Category:Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Lithuanian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂er-#IRFrom Proto-Balto-SlavicCategory:Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic#IR *ir (“and, also”), compare Latvian ir, Old Prussian ir (“and, even”), from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IR *h₂r̥- (“thus, so”); compare Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “so, then, consequently”). If the original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to *h₂er- (“fit together”), see arti̇̀ (“near”) for more.
Proto-Slavic *i (“and, even”) is probably not related.
Pronunciation
Conjunction
ir̃Category:Lithuanian lemmas#IRCategory:Lithuanian conjunctions#IRCategory:Lithuanian entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
Particle
ir̃Category:Lithuanian lemmas#IRCategory:Lithuanian particles#IRCategory:Lithuanian entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
Related terms
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Proto-West GermanicCategory:Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#IRCategory:Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#IR *jiʀ, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#IRCategory:Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#IR *jūz. Compare German ihr.
Pronoun
irCategory:Middle Dutch lemmas#IRCategory:Middle Dutch pronouns#IRCategory:Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
Further reading
Middle English
Etymology 1
Determiner
irCategory:Middle English alternative forms#IRCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- alternative form of hire (“her”)
Pronoun
irCategory:Middle English alternative forms#IRCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- alternative form of hire (“hers”)
Etymology 2
Pronoun
irCategory:Middle English alternative forms#IRCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- alternative form of hire (“her”)
Middle High German
Etymology
From Old High GermanCategory:Middle High German terms inherited from Old High German#IRCategory:Middle High German terms derived from Old High German#IR ir, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#IRCategory:Middle High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#IR *jiʀ, variant of Proto-GermanicCategory:Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#IRCategory:Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic#IR *jūz, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IR *yúHs.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): (before 13th CE) /ˈir/Category:Middle High German terms with IPA pronunciation#IR
Pronoun
irCategory:Middle High German lemmas#IRCategory:Middle High German pronouns#IRCategory:Middle High German entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- ye, you: nominative plural of du
Descendants
- Alemannic German: ir
- Bavarian:
- Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
- German: ihr
- Rhine Franconian:
- Pennsylvania German: dihr
- Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr)Category:Yiddish terms with redundant transliterations#IR — Daytshmerish
Mòcheno
Etymology
From Middle High GermanCategory:Mòcheno terms inherited from Middle High German#IRCategory:Mòcheno terms derived from Middle High German#IR ir, from Old High GermanCategory:Mòcheno terms inherited from Old High German#IRCategory:Mòcheno terms derived from Old High German#IR ir, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:Mòcheno terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#IRCategory:Mòcheno terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#IR *jiʀ, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Mòcheno terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#IRCategory:Mòcheno terms derived from Proto-Germanic#IR *jīz. Cognate with German ihr, English ye.
Pronoun
irCategory:Mòcheno lemmas#IRCategory:Mòcheno pronouns#IRCategory:Mòcheno personal pronouns#IRCategory:Mòcheno entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- you (plural)
Inflection
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | i | biar |
| 2nd person | du | ir |
| 3rd person | er, si, s | sei |
References
- “ir” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Old High German
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-West GermanicCategory:Old High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#IRCategory:Old High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#IR *jiʀ, variant of Proto-GermanicCategory:Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#IRCategory:Old High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic#IR *jūz, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Old High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IR *yúHs.
Pronoun
irCategory:Old High German lemmas#IRCategory:Old High German pronouns#IRCategory:Old High German entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- you (second-person plural pronoun)
- (politeCategory:Old High German polite terms#IR) you (second-person singular pronoun)
- late 9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7:
- Lékza ih therara búachi / iu sentu in suábo richi,
thaz ir irkíaset ubar ál, / oba siu frúma wesan scal;
Oba ir hiar fíndet iawiht thés / thaz wírdig ist thes lésannes:- I send to you in Swabia the selection of books,
so that you can decide above all if it will be useful;
[and] if you find here something that is worthy of being read.
(quoted in and tr. by Horst J. Simon in Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003:88)
- I send to you in Swabia the selection of books,
- late 9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7:
Usage notes
Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in Modern German Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in late Old High German.
Inflection
| nominative | genitive | dative | accusative | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | first person | ih (ihha, ihcha) | mīn | mir | mih | |
| second person | dū | dīn | dir | dih | ||
| third person |
m | er (her) | (sīn) | imu, imo | inan, in | |
| f | siu; sī, si | ira (iru, iro) | iru, iro | sia | ||
| n | iz | es, is | imu, imo | iz | ||
| plural | first person | wir | unsēr | uns | unsih | |
| second person1 | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih | ||
| third person |
n | sie | iro | im, in | sie | |
| f | sio | sio | ||||
| n | siu | siu | ||||
1 Also polite singular form
Descendants
References
- Armitage, Lionel. (1911) An Introduction to the study of Old High German, p 200.
Old Swedish
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Old East NorseCategory:Old Swedish terms inherited from Old East Norse#IRCategory:Old Swedish terms derived from Old East Norse#IR *īʀ (compare West Norse ér), from Proto-GermanicCategory:Old Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#IRCategory:Old Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic#IR *jīz, variant of *jūz.
Pronoun
īrCategory:Old Swedish lemmas#IRCategory:Old Swedish pronouns#IRCategory:Old Swedish personal pronouns#IRCategory:Old Swedish entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- you (plural)
Declension
Descendants
Old Welsh
Etymology
Ultimately from Proto-CelticCategory:Old Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic#IRCategory:Old Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic#IR *sindos.
Pronunciation
Article
irCategory:Old Welsh lemmas#IRCategory:Old Welsh articles#IRCategory:Old Welsh entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- (definite article) the
- 9th c., Oxoniensis Prior (Bodleian Library, Oxford), v. 234:
- 9th c., Oxoniensis Prior (Bodleian Library, Oxford), v. 234:
Descendants
Portuguese
Alternative forms
Etymology
Category:Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Italic#IRCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Proto-Italic#IRCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#IRInherited from LatinCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Latin#IR īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of LatinCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Latin#IR vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of LatinCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Latin#IR esse.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(h)]Category:Portuguese 1-syllable words#IRCategory:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation#IR
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /ˈi(ɾ)/Category:Portuguese 1-syllable words#IRCategory:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation#IR
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(χ)]Category:Portuguese 1-syllable words#IRCategory:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation#IR
- (Caipira) IPA(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/Category:Portuguese 1-syllable words#IRCategory:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation#IR
Category:Portuguese terms with audio pronunciation#IRAudio (Portugal (Porto)): (file) - Homophones: i, e (with -r dropping)Category:Portuguese terms with homophones#IR
- Hyphenation: ir
Verb
ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)Category:Portuguese lemmas#IRCategory:Portuguese verbs#IRCategory:Portuguese verbs ending in -ir#IRCategory:Portuguese irregular verbs#IRCategory:Portuguese entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- to go (to move to a destination) [with para or a or em ‘to somewhere’; or with até ‘as far as somewhere’]
- Vamos a pé?Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- Do we go on foot?
- Eles foram ao centro comercial/shopping.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- They went to the shopping centre.
- Queríamos ir para casa.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- We wanted to go home.
- (auxiliaryCategory:Portuguese auxiliary verbs#IR) will; to be going to; forms the future tense [with infinitive]
- Vou comprar um sapato.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- I will buy a shoe.
- Nós não íamos fazer nada.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- We weren’t going to do anything.
- (auxiliaryCategory:Portuguese auxiliary verbs#IR) to keep on; to go on; ~ on; forms the continuative aspect [with gerund]
- A água vai escorrendo até acabar.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- The water keeps on leaking until it is all gone.
- (pronominal) to go; to leave; to depart
- Os homens já se foram todos.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- All the men have left already.
- to attend; to go to (to be present in an event) [with para or em or a ‘an event’]
- Sinto muito, não poderei ir à sua festa.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- I’m sorry, I won’t be able to go to your party.
- (intransitiveCategory:Portuguese intransitive verbs#IR) to go on until; to last to [with até ‘a specified time’]
- A batalha foi até as duas da manhã.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- The battle went on until two AM.
- to do; to fare (to have a good or bad result) [with em ‘a result’]
- Fui muito mal em quase todas as provas.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- I did very bad in nearly all the tests.
- (intransitiveCategory:Portuguese intransitive verbs#IR) to be doing; formula used in greetings [with adverb]
- “Como vai?” “Vou bem, obrigado.”Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- “How are you doing?” “I am doing fine, thanks.”
- (pronominal) to be gone, be on the blink, on the fritz (depleted, destroyed; no longer usable)
- Porcaria! Minha TV se foi.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- Damn it! My TV is gone.
- (euphemisticCategory:Portuguese euphemisms#IR, pronominal) to leave (to die); to depart (to die)
- Uma oração para os que já se foram.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- A prayer for those who have already left us.
- (intransitiveCategory:Portuguese intransitive verbs#IR) to go (to begin an action or process)
- Um, dois, três, vai!Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- One, two, three, go!
- O sinal verde ainda não foi!Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- The green light still didn’t light up.
- Vamos!Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- Get on with it!
- (intransitiveCategory:Portuguese intransitive verbs#IR) to match; to go with (to form a good combination with) [with com ‘someone/something’]
- Este casaco não vai bem com os sapatos.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- This jacket doesn't go well with the shoes.
- (intransitiveCategory:Portuguese intransitive verbs#IR) to like or tolerate [with com ‘someone/something’]
- Parece que ninguém vai comigo.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- It seems nobody likes me.
- (intransitiveCategory:Portuguese intransitive verbs#IR) to follow (to take into account when making choices) [with por]
- Vai pela razão, não pelos sentimentos.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- Follow reason, not feelings.
- Se a luz não acender, pode encontrar o livro indo pelo tato.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- If the light doesn’t turn on, you can find the book by following your sense of touch.
- Vai por mim.Category:Portuguese terms with usage examples#IR
- Trust me.
- (intransitiveCategory:Portuguese intransitive verbs#IR) to range (to encompass values between two given extremes) [with de ‘from’ and a ‘to’]
- As perguntas iam do fácil ao difícil.
- The questions ranged from easy to difficult.
- (pokerCategory:pt:Poker#IR, intransitiveCategory:Portuguese intransitive verbs#IR) to call (to match the amount of chips in the pot)
- 2012, Luís Fernando Veríssimo, “Os pêssegos”, in Diálogos Impossíveis, Rio de Janeiro: Editora Objetiva, →ISBN, page 29:
- Não se ouvia mais nada, além dos ruídos naturais do pôquer. O clicar das fichas. Frases curtas: "Dou cartas." "Vou." "Não vou." "Pago pra ver." "Não é possível!"Category:Portuguese terms with quotations#IRCategory:Requests for translations of Portuguese quotations#IR
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- (reflexiveCategory:Portuguese reflexive verbs#IR) to depart; to leave
- (reflexiveCategory:Portuguese reflexive verbs#IR, euphemisticCategory:Portuguese euphemisms#IR) to pass away; to depart; to die
Usage notes
The use of auxiliary ir with lexical ir (e.g., Eu vou ir para casa “I'm going to go home”) is sometimes proscribed. A single ir (Eu vou para casa, which also means the present “I go home”) or the future tense (Eu irei para casa, which is more formal) may be used instead.
Conjugation
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) |
Second-person (tu) |
Third-person (ele / ela / você) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | ir | |||||
| Personal | ir | ires | ir | irmos | irdes | irem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| indo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | ido | idos | ||||
| Feminine | ida | idas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | vou | vais | vai | vamos | ides | vão |
| Imperfect | ia | ias | ia | íamos | íeis | iam |
| Preterite | fui | foste | foi | fomos | fostes | foram |
| Pluperfect | fora | foras | fora | fôramos | fôreis | foram |
| Future | irei | irás | irá | iremos | ireis | irão |
| Conditional | iria | irias | iria | iríamos | iríeis | iriam |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | vá | vás | vá | vamos | vades | vão |
| Imperfect | fosse | fosses | fosse | fôssemos | fôsseis | fossem |
| Future | for | fores | for | formos | fordes | forem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | vai | vá | vamos | ide | vão | |
| Negative (não) | não vás | não vá | não vamos | não vades | não vão | |
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:ir.
Synonyms
Derived terms
Further reading
- “ir”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026
Romansh
Alternative forms
Etymology
Category:Romansh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Romansh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#IRInherited from LatinCategory:Romansh terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Romansh terms derived from Latin#IR īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding conjugations of vādere, and those beginning with /m/ presumably from meāre.
Verb
irCategory:Romansh lemmas#IRCategory:Romansh verbs#IRCategory:Romansh entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- (Rumantsch GrischunCategory:Rumantsch Grischun#IR, SursilvanCategory:Sursilvan Romansh#IR, SutsilvanCategory:Sutsilvan Romansh#IR, PuterCategory:Puter Romansh#IR, ValladerCategory:Vallader Romansh#IR) go
Conjugation
| infinitive | ir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | mond | |||||
| past participle | iu | |||||
| singular | plural | |||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
| indicative | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
| present | mon | vas | va | mein | meis | van |
| imperfect | evel | evas | eva | evan | evas | evan |
| future | vegnel a ir | vegns a ir | vegn a ir | vegnin a ir | vegnis a ir | vegnan a ir |
| conditional | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
| direct present | mass | masses | mass | massen | masses | massen |
| indirect present | massi | massies | massi | massien | massies | massien |
| direct future | vegness a ir | vegnesses a ir | vegness a ir | vegnessen a ir | vegnesses a ir | vegnessen a ir |
| indirect future | vegnessi a ir | vegnessies a ir | vegnessi a ir | vegnessien a ir | vegnessies a ir | vegnessien a ir |
| subjunctive | che jeu | che ti | ch'el/ch'ella | che nus | che vus | ch'els/ch'ellas |
| present | mondi | mondies | mondi | meien | meies | mondien |
| past | evi | evies | evi | evien | evies | evien |
| future | vegni a ir | vegnies a ir | vegni a ir | vegnîen a ir | vegnîes a ir | vegnien a ir |
| imperative | — | ti | — | — | vus | — |
| va | mei | |||||
| infinitive | ir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | giond | |||||
| past participle | ì | |||||
| singular | plural | |||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
| indicative | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
| present | vom | vas | va | giain | giais | van |
| imperfect | gieva | gievas | gieva | gievan | gievas | gievan |
| future | vegnel a ir | vegns a ir | vegn a ir | vegnin a ir | vegnis a ir | vegnan a ir |
| conditional | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
| present | giess | giesses | giess | giessen | giesses | giessen |
| future | vegness a ir | vegnesses a ir | vegness a ir | vegnessen a ir | vegnesses a ir | vegnessen a ir |
| subjunctive | che jeu | che ti | ch'el/ch'ella | che nus | che vus | ch'els/ch'ellas |
| present | giaja | giajas | giaja | giajan | giajas | giajan |
| future | vegni a ir | vegnies a ir | vegni a ir | vegnîen a ir | vegnîes a ir | vegnien a ir |
| imperative | — | ti | — | — | vus | — |
| va | giai | |||||
Scots
Verb
irCategory:Scots lemmas#IRCategory:Scots verbs#IRCategory:Scots entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- (Southern ScotsCategory:Southern Scots#IR) Second-person simple present form of to be
- (Southern ScotsCategory:Southern Scots#IR) Plural simple present form of to be
See also
Spanish
Etymology
Category:Spanish terms derived from Proto-Italic#IRCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Proto-Italic#IRCategory:Spanish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#IRInherited from LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#IR īre (“to go”). Forms beginning with /b/ such as voy (“I go”) are inherited from LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#IR vādere (“to go”).[1] Forms beginning with /f/ such as fui (“I went”) are inherited from LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#IRCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#IR esse (“to be”).[1] The imperative voseo form, andá, is a result of suppletion with andar (“to walk”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈiɾ/ [ˈiɾ]Category:Spanish 1-syllable words#IRCategory:Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation#IR
- Rhymes: -iɾCategory:Rhymes:Spanish/iɾ#IRCategory:Rhymes:Spanish/iɾ/1 syllable#IR
- Syllabification: ir
Verb
ir (first-person singular present voy, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)Category:Spanish lemmas#IRCategory:Spanish verbs#IRCategory:Spanish verbs ending in -ir#IRCategory:Spanish irregular verbs#IRCategory:Spanish entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) to go (away from speaker and listener)
- Nos gusta ir al cine. ― We like to go to the movies.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (said of things or people, intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)
- Una blusa negra no le va a esa falda. ― A black blouse doesn't suit that skirt.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) to head towards or lead to a place away from the speaker
- Este camino va a la aldea. ― This road leads to the villageCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (said of a thing, intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) to extend in time or space, from one point to another
- Esta red va de un lado del campo al otro.
- this net extends from one side of the field to the other
- El evento va de las 9 de la mañana hasta las 5 de la tarde.
- The event extends from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR, card gamesCategory:es:Card games#IR) to play
- Juan estaba seguro de su mano, así que decidió ir con todo.
- Juan was confident in his hand, so he decided to go all in.
- Si no estás seguro de tu baraja, es mejor no ir en esta ronda.
- If you're not confident about your deck, it's better not to play this round
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) to approach or consider (something) from a specific angle, or to direct attention towards a particular goal
- ir en serio — ir de veras — ir de verdad
- be serious about something, make a real attempt at something
- Si por honestidad va, ¿qué cosa más honesta que la virtud? Ahora va de veras.
- If it's about honesty, what could be more honest than virtue? Now I am serious.
- (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on (doing something), to carry on, to keep on
- Voy caminando.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- I go on walking
- Los pacientes van empeorando.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- The patients are getting worse.
- (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) an action or process is beginning to occur or unfold; to grow (dark), get (cloudy)
- Va anocheciendo. ― It starts to get darkCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (colloquialCategory:Spanish colloquialisms#IR, commonly paired with pues, intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) used ironically with certain adjectives or passive participles
- ¡Pues ya vas tú preparado para el examen!
- Well, you're ready for the exam! (implying that you are not prepared at all for the exam)
- (auxiliaryCategory:Spanish auxiliary verbs#IR) used with the past participle of reflexive verbs to indicate being in a state caused by the verb
- Ir arrepentido. ― Being remorsefulCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- Ir apresurado. ― Being in a hurryCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- Él va enojado. ― He is angryCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- whether something works or not
- Esta máquina no va. ― This machine doesn't work.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- ¡Ya va! ― It works now!Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- La nevera va fatal. ― The refrigerator works terrible.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- Mis estudios están yendo de maravilla. ― My studies are going wonderfully.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- Algo va mal. ― Something is wrong.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- ¡Vas bien! ― You’re doing well!Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- to look, to be dressed
- Vas muy elegante. ― You look very elegantCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- Voy disfrazado de fantasma. ― I'm dressed as a ghost.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (auxiliaryCategory:Spanish auxiliary verbs#IR) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense [with a (+ infinitive) ‘do something’]
- Voy a decirle la verdad. ― I am going to tell her the truth.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR, said of a thing, especially a sum of money) to be staked or bet in a dispute or competition (only used in the third-person plural present indicative form van to entice someone to engage in a bet)
- Van cinco euros a que gana el Madrid ― I bet five euros that Madrid will win the matchCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's
- Vamos a trabajar ― Let's get workingCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR, imperfective only) to habitually happen on a specific day or occasion; to habitually go
- En verano, vamos a la playa. ― In summer, we go to the beach.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) used to describe the manner in which someone behaves or acts under specific conditions [with con (+ abstract noun)]
- ir con cuidado ― to be careful (literally, “to go with carefulness”)Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) indicates an inclination towards a particular profession or career path, especially one that is perceived in other people based on their current skills or personality
- Este niño va para médico. ― This child will become a doctor (perceived by the speaker).Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) indicates the pursuit of a particular career or vocation [with por ‘career or vocation’]
- Ella va por la música. ― She is pursuing a career in musicCategory:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) to go fetch [with por ‘something’ and a ‘somewhere’]
- Voy por leche al supermercado. ― I'm going to the supermarket to get milk.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR, of an element of a language) indicates adherence to a specific linguistic pattern or rules, like conjugation
- Esa palabra solo va en plural. ― That word is only used in the plural.Category:Spanish terms with usage examples#IR
- (intransitiveCategory:Spanish intransitive verbs#IR) to come (towards or with the listener)
- Quiero ir contigo.
- I want to come with you.
- Iré a tu casa.
- I'll come to your house.
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR) to go away, to leave, to depart, to go (when the destination is not essential; when something or someone is going somewhere else)
- Synonyms: andarse, marcharse
- Lo siento. Tengo que irme.
- I'm sorry. I have to leave.
- Él se va a salvar al mundo otra vez.
- He's off to save the world again.
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR) to leak out (with liquids and gasses), to boil away, to go flat (gas in drinks)
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR) to overflow
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR) to go out (lights)
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR) to finish, to wear out, to disappear (e.g. money, paint, pains, mechanical parts)
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR) to die
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR, informalCategory:Spanish informal terms#IR) to break wind, to fart
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR, informalCategory:Spanish informal terms#IR) to wet/soil oneself (i.e., urinate or defecate in one's pants)
- (reflexiveCategory:Spanish reflexive verbs#IR, vulgarCategory:Spanish vulgarities#IR) to come, to cum, to ejaculate, to orgasm
Usage notes
- ir is similar to estar in many senses.
- Estar + gerund expresses the fact that the action of the verb is happening on the immediate present, with no inherent sense of past or future movement through time or space. It's the standard and more common expression.
- "Ella está cantando" (She is singing) could imply:
- Current Action (She is singing right now)
- Continuous State (She is currently engaged in an event where she regularly sings, but might not be doing so at the moment)
- (now (datedCategory:Spanish dated terms#IR) or (formalCategory:Spanish formal terms#IR)): Habitual action "she sings in the morning every day"
- ir + gerund expresses a kind of iterative or durative aspect. It emphasizes that the action involves movement or change over time, particularly along a longer process or journey, one that will usually be continued into the future. It is less common in casual speech and is mostly found in formal or literary works.
- "Ella va cantando" (She goes on singing) could imply:
- She is moving and singing, either simultaneously or independently (She could move, stop to sing, and then continue moving). Either moving and singing with no defined direction through different locations (She goes around singing wherever she is) or along a specified path.
- The continuous and habitual nature and development of the action over the past, present and often future (She sings little by little and improves over time) Emphasizes progression and the gradual unfolding of a habitual action.
- The basic meaning "go" applies to any kind of animate or inanimate motion: walk, ride, sail, fly, etc.
- "voy a" can be pronounced /bwa/ and "me voy a" /mebwa/ or /mwa/.
Conjugation
The verb ir has one of the most irregular conjugations of all Spanish verbs, with many of its irregularities being unique, or nearly unique, to this verb. In particular:
- It is one of only three verbs (alongside ser and ver, and their derivatives) to have irregular forms in the imperfect indicative tense.
- In the preterite indicative and the imperfect and future subjunctive, the conjugation of ir is identical to that of ser ("to be"). Thus, for example, yo fui can mean either "I went" or "I was", depending on context.
- In contemporary Spanish, the first-person plural affirmative imperative form of ir is usually vamos; the alternative form vayamos, while not proscribed by the Royal Spanish Academy, is used almost exclusively in literary language and otherwise considered archaic. However, vayamos remains in use for the (first-person plural) present subjunctive and negative imperative forms (the use of vamos in these cases is nonstandard). This makes ir the only Spanish verb for which the two first-person plural imperative forms (i.e., the affirmative and the negative) are not identical.
- The verb does not have a standardised voseo form in the second-person singular imperative – instead, the imperative of andar (which has the form andá, as well as andate when combined with the pronominal suffix te) is usually used in its place by voseo speakers.[2] The form i (and ite) is sometimes used as well, though this is considered nonstandard.
- It is also the only verb in Spanish in which the verb-final -d is not fully elided when the affirmative imperative vosotros form is combined with the pronominal suffix os. The correct form for id+os is either idos or iros; the more predictable form íos (analogous to such forms in other -ir verbs) had been in use in the past, but is viewed as nonstandard today.
| infinitive | ir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | yendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | ido | ida | |||||
| plural | idos | idas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | voy | vas | va | vamos | vais | van | |
| imperfect | iba | ibas | iba | íbamos | ibais | iban | |
| preterite | fui | fuiste | fue | fuimos | fuisteis | fueron | |
| future | iré | irás | irá | iremos | iréis | irán | |
| conditional | iría | irías | iría | iríamos | iríais | irían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | vaya | vayastú vayásvos2 |
vaya | vayamos | vayáis | vayan | |
| imperfect (ra) |
fuera | fueras | fuera | fuéramos | fuerais | fueran | |
| imperfect (se) |
fuese | fueses | fuese | fuésemos | fueseis | fuesen | |
| future1 | fuere | fueres | fuere | fuéremos | fuereis | fueren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
| affirmative | vetú andávos |
vaya | vamos, vayamos | id | vayan | ||
| negative | no vayas | no vaya | no vayamos | no vayáis | no vayan | ||
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| with infinitive ir | dative | irme | irte | irle, irse | irnos | iros | irles, irse |
| accusative | irme | irte | irlo, irla, irse | irnos | iros | irlos, irlas, irse | |
| with gerund yendo | dative | yéndome | yéndote | yéndole, yéndose | yéndonos | yéndoos | yéndoles, yéndose |
| accusative | yéndome | yéndote | yéndolo, yéndola, yéndose | yéndonos | yéndoos | yéndolos, yéndolas, yéndose | |
| with informal second-person singular tuteo imperative ve | dative | veme | vete | vele | venos | not used | veles |
| accusative | veme | vete | velo, vela | venos | not used | velos, velas | |
| with informal second-person singular voseo imperative andá | dative | andame | andate | andale | andanos | not used | andales |
| accusative | andame | andate | andalo, andala | andanos | not used | andalos, andalas | |
| with formal second-person singular imperative vaya | dative | váyame | not used | váyale, váyase | váyanos | not used | váyales |
| accusative | váyame | not used | váyalo, váyala, váyase | váyanos | not used | váyalos, váyalas | |
| with first-person plural imperative vamos, vayamos | dative | not used | vámoste, vayámoste | vámosle, vayámosle | vámonos, vayámonos | vámoos, vayámoos | vámosles, vayámosles |
| accusative | not used | vámoste, vayámoste | vámoslo, vayámoslo, vámosla, vayámosla | vámonos, vayámonos | vámoos, vayámoos | vámoslos, vayámoslos, vámoslas, vayámoslas | |
| with informal second-person plural imperative id | dative | idme | not used | idle | idnos | idos, iros | idles |
| accusative | idme | not used | idlo, idla | idnos | idos, iros | idlos, idlas | |
| with formal second-person plural imperative vayan | dative | váyanme | not used | váyanle | váyannos | not used | váyanles, váyanse |
| accusative | váyanme | not used | váyanlo, váyanla | váyannos | not used | váyanlos, váyanlas, váyanse | |
| infinitive | irse | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | yéndose | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | ido | ida | |||||
| plural | idos | idas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| personal non-finite | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| infinitive | irme | irte | irse | irnos | iros | irse | |
| gerund | yéndome | yéndote | yéndose | yéndonos | yéndoos | yéndose | |
| indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | me voy | te vas | se va | nos vamos | os vais | se van | |
| imperfect | me iba | te ibas | se iba | nos íbamos | os ibais | se iban | |
| preterite | me fui | te fuiste | se fue | nos fuimos | os fuisteis | se fueron | |
| future | me iré | te irás | se irá | nos iremos | os iréis | se irán | |
| conditional | me iría | te irías | se iría | nos iríamos | os iríais | se irían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | me vaya | te vayastú te vayásvos2 |
se vaya | nos vayamos | os vayáis | se vayan | |
| imperfect (ra) |
me fuera | te fueras | se fuera | nos fuéramos | os fuerais | se fueran | |
| imperfect (se) |
me fuese | te fueses | se fuese | nos fuésemos | os fueseis | se fuesen | |
| future1 | me fuere | te fueres | se fuere | nos fuéremos | os fuereis | se fueren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
| affirmative | vetetú andatevos |
váyase | vámonos, vayámonos | idos, iros | váyanse | ||
| negative | no te vayas | no se vaya | no nos vayamos | no os vayáis | no se vayan | ||
Derived terms
- a eso voy
- a lo que iba
- agua va
- ahí va
- al ahí se va
- cosas que van y vienen
- cuando tú vas yo vengo de regreso
- ir a buscar
- ir a lo seguro (“to play it safe”)
- ir a más
- ir a medias
- ir a menos
- ir a parar
- ir a por (“to go get, to fetch; to go for, to come for”)
- ir adelante
- ir al grano
- ir cada uno por su lado
- ir de
- ir de compras
- ir de copas
- ir de primero
- ir de putas
- ir de segundo
- ir del bracero
- ir del bracete
- ir demasiado lejos
- ir en serio (“to get serious, to be serious; to mean it”)
- ir en top
- ir para largo
- ir preso
- ir viendo
- ires y venires
- irse a fondo
- irse a hacer gárgaras
- irse a la cama
- irse a la verga
- irse al cuerno
- irse al tacho
- irse chuco
- irse de culo
- irse de este mundo
- irse de las manos
- irse de vareta
- irse la fuerza por la boca
- írsele el avión
- írsele el baifo
- írsele el pájaro
- írsele la onda
- ni ir ni venir
- no va más
- no vaya a ser que
- qué va
- quién va
- sin ir más lejos
- va de cuento
- vamos a ver
- vamos al caso
- vamos hablando
- vaya con Dios
- vaya por caso
- vete a chingar
- vete con Dios
- voy y vengo
- ¿dónde va Vicente? donde va la gente
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (1983–1991), “ir”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic etymological dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
- ↑ “Spanish from Argentina: That Voseo Thing”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), 9 October 2015 (last accessed)
Further reading
- “ir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025
- “ir”, in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas [Panhispanic Dictionary of Uncertainties] (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Royal Spanish Academy; Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, 2023, →ISBN
- “ir”, in Diccionario de americanismos [Dictionary of Americanisms] (in Spanish), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language [Spanish: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española], 2010
Sumerian
Romanization
irCategory:Sumerian non-lemma forms#IRCategory:Sumerian romanizations#IRCategory:Sumerian entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR
- romanization of 𒅕 (ir)
Welsh
Etymology
From Proto-BrythonicCategory:Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic#IRCategory:Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic#IR *ir (compare Cornish yr), from Proto-CelticCategory:Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic#IRCategory:Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic#IR *ɸūros (compare Irish úr), from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#IRCategory:Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IR *puHrós, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#IR *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”). Doublet of purCategory:Welsh doublets#IR.
Pronunciation
Adjective
ir (feminine singular ir, plural irion, equative ired, comparative irach, superlative iraf)Category:Welsh lemmas#IRCategory:Welsh adjectives#IRCategory:Welsh entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IRCategory:Welsh adjectives with red links in their headword lines#IRCategory:Welsh adjectives with red links in their headword lines#IRCategory:Welsh adjectives with red links in their headword lines#IR
Derived terms
- gwreiddiriog (“burnet saxifrage”)
Mutation
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
|---|---|---|---|
| ir | unchanged | unchanged | hir |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Further reading
- D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “ir”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “ir”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Yapese
Pronoun
irCategory:Yapese lemmas#IRCategory:Yapese pronouns#IRCategory:Yapese entries with incorrect language header#IRCategory:Pages with entries#IRCategory:Pages with 27 entries#IR