Wikimore

See also: 来, 徠, and 夾

來	U+4F86, 來 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F86

← 侅
[U+4F85]

CJK Unified Ideographs Category:CJK Unified Ideographs block#*0000020358

侇 →
[U+4F87]

Category:Han script characters#%20

來	U+F92D, 來 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F92D

← 郎
[U+F92C]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs Category:CJK Compatibility Ideographs block#*0000063789

冷 →
[U+F92E]

Category:Unspecified script characters#%20

Translingual

Traditional	來
Simplified	来
Japanese	来
Korean	來

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

來Category:Translingual lemmas#人06來 Category:Translingual terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#人06來 Category:Translingual symbols#人06來 Category:Translingual terms with redundant script codes#人06來 Category:Translingual entries with incorrect language header#人06來 Category:Pages with entries#來 Category:Pages with 6 entries#來 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, Cangjie input 木人人 (DOO), four-corner 4090₈, composition ⿻木从)Category:Han script characters#人06來

Derived characters

倈, 唻, 婡, 崍, 徠, 淶, 猍, 䧒, 棶, 琜, 睞, 䂾, 䅘, 䋱, 䚞, 誺, 錸, 騋, 鯠, 麳
逨, 㯤, 勑, 郲, 猌, 䚅, 顂, 鶆, 䳵
麥, 賚, 萊, 箂, 庲, 㾢, 斄

Additional Derived Characters

𱖹, 𢜞, 𢯦, 𪰪, 𣍿, 𪩭, 𤲓, 𥚒, 𬽖, 𫨬, 𦓹, 𮋳, 𦩑, 𧍍, 𫣚, 𭐽, 𢑬, 𲉖, 𧯲, 𧳟, 𧶛, 𨂐, 𲄣, 𫑹, 𤳆, 𦠘, 𤀛, 𣛤, 𮩩, 𩳳, 𣦨, 𨝖, 𮭮, 𱋰, 𪑚, 𪘨
𧼛, 𰎄, 𬩥, 𢽟, 𰂤, 𣮉, 𰛾, 𰠁, 𪝗, 𣖤, 𢆠, 𪴺, 𠎙, 𫣙, 𫯓, 𢠗, 𤳇, 𥏳, 𰱷, 𣛌, 𬛕, 𰂿, 𧡽, 𰃄, 𣬀, 𠌊
𰌩, 𰙬, 𣓚, 𤦃, 𤲝, 𭱁, 𠻮, 𧡛, 𨤭, 𠾂, 𠐇, 𪒁, 𬓡, 𬑴, 𥓜, 𱷅, 𫇏, 𣗅, 𮦕, 𩭷, 𰦣, 𬛶, 𠩬, 𣀗, 𱱮, 𦻣, 𠽳, 𱀬, 𰻎, 𱐥, 𨤺, 𱱁, 𥃌, 𪧳

Descendants

来

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 16
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 581
Dae Jaweon: page 214, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 141, character 8
Unihan data for U+4F86

Unihan data for U+F92D

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 來
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Oracle bone script j13740 j13741 j13742 j13743 j13744 j13745 j13746 j13747 j13748 j13749 j13750 j13751 j13752 j13753 j13754 j13755 j13756 j13757 j13758 j13759 j13760 j13761 j13762 j13763 j13764 j13765 j13766 j13767 j13768 j13769 j13770 j13771 j13772 j13773 j13774 j13775 j13776 j13777 j13778 j13779 j13780 j13781 j13782 j13783 j13784 j13785 j13786 j13787 j13788 j13789 j13790 j13791 j13792 j13793 j13794 j13795 j13797 j13798 j13799 j13800 j13801 j13802 j13803 j13804 j13805 j13806 j13807 j13808 j13809 j13810 j13811 j13812 j13813 j13814 j13815 j13816 j13817 j13818 j13819 j13820 j13821 j13822 j13823 j13824 j13825 j13826 j13827 j13828 j13829 j13830 j13831 j13832 j13833 j13834 j13835 j13836 j13837 j13838 j13839 j13840 j13841 j13842 j13843 j13844 j13845 j13846 j13847 j13848 j13849 j13850 j13851 j13852 j13853 j13854 j13855 j13856 j13857 j13858 j13859 j13860 j13861 j13862 j13863 j13864 j13865 j13866 j13867 j13868 j13869 j13870 j13871 j13872 j13873 j13874 j13875 j13876 j13877 j13878 j13879 j13880 j13881 j13882 j13883 j13884 j13885 j13886 j13887 j13888 j13889 j13890 j13891 j13892 j13893 j13894 j13895 j13896 j13897 j13898 j13899 j13900 j13901 j13902 j13903 j13904 j13905 j13906 j13907 j13908 j13909 j13910 j13911 j13912 j13913 j13914 j13915 j13916 j13917 j13918 j13919 j13920 Bronze inscriptions b08481 b08482 b08483 b08484 b08485 b08486 b08487 b08488 b08489 b08490 b08491 b08492 b08493 Small seal script s03866 Transcribed ancient scripts L30969 L30970 L30971 L30972 L30973 L30974 L30975 L30976 L30977 L30978 L03906 L03907 L03908 L03909 L03910 L03911 L03912 L03913 L03914 L03915 L03916 L03917 L03918
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (來) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
來	*m·rɯːɡ
萊	rɯː, rɯːs
淶	*rɯː
徠	rɯː, rɯːs
崍	*rɯː
郲	rɯː, ruːlʔ, *ruːlʔ
騋	*rɯː
猍	*rɯː
鯠	*rɯː
鶆	*rɯː
庲	*rɯː
棶	*rɯː
斄	rɯː, rɯ
逨	rɯː, rɯːs
麳	*rɯː
唻	rɯːʔ, rrɯː
賚	*rɯːs
睞	*rɯːs
勑	*rɯːs
誺	rɯːs, r̥ʰɯ, r̥ʰɯs, r̥ʰɯs
倈	*rɯ
憖	*ŋrɯns
猌	*ŋrɯns
麥	*mrɯːɡ

Pictogram (象形)Category:Han pictograms#人06 of wheat – original character of 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) or 麳 (OC *rɯː, “wheat”). The line in the middle represents the ear, the two lines pointing upwards represent leaves, and the lines pointing downwards represent the stem and roots. An additional horizontal line was often added at the top end of the character, possibly used to emphasize the ear of the wheat. Compare 禾; both are unrelated to 釆.

This character has been borrowed for “to come” since the oracle bone script. During the Western Zhou and Warring States periods, additional semantic components, such as 止 (“foot”) or 辵 (“to walk”), were added to differentiate the original sense from the borrowed sense. However, these additions were not inherited in later scripts.

Some consider the derivative 麥 from the addition of 夊 (“to walk slowly”) to be the original form for the meaning “to come”. If so, their meanings have interchanged due to frequent use of 來 for “to come”. Category:Requests for attention concerning Chinese#人06

Shuowen connects “wheat” and “to come” from a mythological standpoint: 天所來也 (“it comes from the heavens”). This may be supported by archaeological evidence, which suggests that wheat is not native to China, but originated in the Fertile Crescent.

來 and 麥 have both been reconstructed to begin with *mr- in Old Chinese. The former retains the liquid as /l/, while the latter retains the nasal /m/.

Etymology 1

trad.		來
simp.		来
alternative forms		𧼛倈／俫逨徠／徕耒

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan Category:Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan#人06 Category:Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan#人06 *la-j ~ ra (“to come”) (STEDT). Cognate with 迨 (OC *l'ɯːʔ, “to reach; until”), 賚 (OC *rɯːs, “to bestow”), Burmese လာ (la, “to come”). Also cognate with 蒞 (OC *rɯbs, “to arrive”) according to Schuessler (2007). Unclear if connected to Vietnamese lại (“come; again”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lái (lai²Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#來)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄞˊ

Category:Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nai²

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): lái

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): lái

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лэ (le, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): loi⁴ / lai⁴ / lei⁴

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): ngui⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): loi³

(Yangjiang, Jyutping++): loi⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): lai⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lòi

(Hailu, HRS): loi

(Meixian, Guangdong): loi²

(Changting, Changting Pinyin): lai²
Jin (Wiktionary): lai¹
Northern Min (KCR): lâ̤
Eastern Min (BUC): lì / lài
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): li² / lai²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lâi

(Teochew, Peng'im): lai⁵ / lai⁷ / lai²

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): lai⁵
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): laai⁴
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶le / ²le / ²lae / ²lai
- (Jinhua): ²lae
Xiang
(Changsha, Wiktionary): lai²

(Loudi, Wiktionary): le²

(Hengyang, Wiktionary): lai²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lái
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄞˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lái
  - Wade–Giles: lai²
  - Yale: lái
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lai
  - Palladius: лай (laj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laɪ̯³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nai²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lai
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nai²¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: lái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /læ²⁴/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: lái
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): lai²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɛ²⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лэ (le, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɛ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: loi⁴ / lai⁴ / lei⁴
  - Yale: lòih / làih / lèih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loi⁴ / lai⁴ / lei⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: loi⁴ / lei⁴ / léi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔːi̯²¹/, /lɐi̯²¹/, /lei̯²¹/

Note: lai4, lei4 - vernacular (often written as 嚟).

- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: ngui⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋui²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: loi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lᵘɔi²²/
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
  - Jyutping++: loi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔi⁴²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lai⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lai³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lòi
  - Hakka Romanization System: loi^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: loi²
  - Sinological IPA: /loi̯¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: loi
  - Sinological IPA: /loi⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: loi²
  - Sinological IPA: /loɪ¹¹/
- (Changting)
  - Changting Pinyin: lai²
  - Sinological IPA: /lai²⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lai¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /lai¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lâ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɛ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lì / lài
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃i⁵³/, /l̃ai⁵³/

Note:

lì - vernacular;
lài - literary.

Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: li²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: li²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²⁴/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: lai²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lai¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: lai²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lai²⁴/

Note:

li2 - vernacular;
lai2 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Kinmen, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâi
  - Tâi-lô: lâi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: laai
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /lai²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /lai¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Kinmen, Philippines): /lai²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lai⁵ / lai⁷ / lai²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lâi / lāi / lái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lai⁵⁵/, /lai¹¹/, /lai⁵²/

Note:

lai7 - indicates past things;
lai2 - “will” (pronounced as /lai⁵²⁻³⁵/).

- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: lai⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /lai²²/
Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: laai⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lai²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶le
  - MiniDict: le^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³le
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/
- (Northern: Suzhou, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ²le
  - MiniDict: le^平
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /le²²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /lɛ²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /le²³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /le³¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /le²²/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Jiaxing)
  - Wugniu: ²lae
  - MiniDict: lae^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /le³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /lɛ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /lɛ³¹/
- (Northern: Chongming, Changzhou)
  - Wugniu: ²lai
  - MiniDict: lai^平
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ɦlɛ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /lai¹³/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ²lae
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /lɛ³¹³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: lai²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lai̯¹³/
- (Loudi)
  - Wiktionary: le²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /le̞¹³/
- (Hengyang)
  - Wiktionary: lai²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lai̯¹¹/

Middle Chinese: loj

Rime
Character	來
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	洛哀切
Baxter	loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/ləi/
Shao Rongfen	/lɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ləj/
Li Rong	/lᴀi/
Wang Li	/lɒi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lái
Expected Cantonese Reflex	loi⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mə.rˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*m·rɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	來
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lái
Middle Chinese	‹ loj ›
Old Chinese	/mə.rˁək/ (> rˁə)
English	come
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	來
Reading #	1/1
No.	7598
Phonetic component	來
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*m·rɯːɡ/

Definitions

來Category:Chinese lemmas#人06 Category:Chinese hanzi#人06 Category:Chinese entries with incorrect language header#人06 Category:Pages with entries#來 Category:Pages with 6 entries#來

to come; to arrive
Antonyms: 去 (qù), 往

我一會兒就來。／我一会儿就来。 ― Wǒ yīhuìr jiù lái. ― I'll come in a moment.Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples

我不知道它是從哪裡來的。 [MSC, trad.]
我不知道它是从哪里来的。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ bù zhīdào tā shì cóng nǎlǐ lái de. [Pinyin]
I didn't know where it came from.
Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples
- 有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
  Yǒu péng zì yuǎnfāng lái, bù yì yuè hū? [Pinyin]
  Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
- John 1.6
  有一個人，是從神那裡差來的，名叫約翰。 [MSC, trad.]
  有一个人，是从神那里差来的，名叫约翰。 [MSC, simp.]
  Yǒu yī ge rén, shì cóng shén nàlǐ chā lái de, míng jiào Yuēhàn. [Pinyin]
  There was a man sent from God, whose name was John.
  Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples
來了個電話／来了个电话 ― lái le ge diànhuà ― got a phone call; a phone call arrivedCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
to happen; to occur
to do (specific meaning depending on the context)
since
next; coming; future
來年／来年 ― láinián ― next yearCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
(after a number) about; approximately; around
四十來歲／四十来岁 ― sìshí lái suì ― around forty years oldCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples

十年來沒有活動／十年来没有活动 ― shínián lái méiyǒu huódòng ― has had no activity in a decadeCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement toward the speaker.
下來／下来 ― xiàlái ― to come down [compare 下去 (xiàqù, “to go down”)]Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples

進來／进来 ― jìnlái ― to come inCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
Used before a verb to express volition.
讓我來做吧。／让我来做吧。 ― Ràng wǒ lái zuò ba. ― Let me do it.Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples
An interjection to draw attention.
來，腳讓一讓／来，脚让一让 ― lái, jiǎo ràng yī ràng ― Hey, watch your feetCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
- 1886, Lim Hiong Seng, “Household Furniture &c.”, in Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press:
  
  水完了。我來去携 [Teochew, trad.]
  水完了。我来去携 [Teochew, simp.]
  zui² liou² lo⁷, ua² lai⁵ ke³ kiêh⁸ [Peng'im]
  The water is finished, I will go and get (some.)
  Category:Teochew terms with usage examples
Used with 不 or 得 to express capability.
我做不來俯臥撐。 [MSC, trad.]
我做不来俯卧撑。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ zuò bù lái fǔwòchēng. [Pinyin]
I can't do push-ups.
Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples
Used after numerals in colloquial lists.
Meaningless particle for rhythmic purposes.
- 我姑酌彼金罍，我與爾歸醉鄉去來。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  我姑酌彼金罍，我与尔归醉乡去来。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 840, Bai Juyi,《不能忘情吟》, translated as Song of Past Feelings by Arthur Waley, 1919.
  Wǒ gū zhuó bǐ jīn léi, wǒ yǔ ěr guī zuìxiāng qù lái. [Pinyin]
  And I will pour you wine in that golden cup
  And take you with me to the Land of Drunkenness.
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
(Shanghainese Category:Shanghainese Wu#人06) currently
儂勿要叫伊，伊來做功課。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
侬勿要叫伊，伊来做功课。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
⁶non ⁶veq₈-iau ⁵ciau ⁶yi ⁶yi ⁶le ⁵tsu ¹kon-khu [Wugniu]
Don’t call him, he’s currently doing his homework.
Category:Wu terms with usage examples
(～母) (Chinese linguistics Category:zh:Linguistics#人06) the Middle Chinese initial of 來 (MC loj)
a surnameCategory:Chinese surnames#人06
in order to
他摘了一個荷葉來當雨傘。 [MSC, trad.]
他摘了一个荷叶来当雨伞。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā zhāi le yī ge héyè lái dāng yǔsǎn. [Pinyin]
He picks a lotus leaf in order to use it as an umbrella.
Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 來 (“to come”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		來
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		來
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	來
	Taiwan	來
	Malaysia	來
	Singapore	來
Cantonese	Guangzhou	嚟
	Hong Kong	嚟
	Macau	嚟
	Taishan	來
	Qingyuan	來
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	嚟
	Singapore (Guangfu)	嚟
Hakka	Meixian	來
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	來
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	來
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	來
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	來
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	來
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	來
Eastern Min	Singapore (Fuqing)	來
Eastern Min	Sitiawan (Gutian)	來
Southern Min	Xiamen	來
	Quanzhou	來
	Dehua	來
	Taipei	來
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	來
	Kaohsiung	來
	Yilan	來
	Changhua (Lukang)	來
	Taichung	來
	Tainan	來
	Hsinchu	來
	Kinmen	來
	Penghu (Magong)	來
	Penang (Hokkien)	來
	Singapore (Hokkien)	來
	Manila (Hokkien)	來
	Chaozhou	來
	Shantou	來
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	來
	Singapore (Teochew)	來
Wu	Shanghai	來
	Suzhou	來
	Hangzhou	來
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	來

Compounds

Descendants

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Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}

Category:Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:CJKV#來

Sino-Xenic (來):

→ Japanese: 来(らい) (rai)
→ Korean: 래(來) (rae)
→ Vietnamese: lai (來Category:Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes#來)

Etymology 2

trad.		來
simp.		来
alternative forms		麳／𪎌䅘／𥟂

Cognate to or same word as 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lái (lai²Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#來)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄞˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): loi⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lái
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄞˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lái
  - Wade–Giles: lai²
  - Yale: lái
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lai
  - Palladius: лай (laj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laɪ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: loi⁴
  - Yale: lòih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loi⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: loi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔːi̯²¹/

Middle Chinese: loj

Rime
Character	來
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	洛哀切
Baxter	loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/ləi/
Shao Rongfen	/lɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ləj/
Li Rong	/lᴀi/
Wang Li	/lɒi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lái
Expected Cantonese Reflex	loi⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mə.rˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*m·rɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	來
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lái
Middle Chinese	‹ loj ›
Old Chinese	/mə.rˁək/ (> mə.rˁə)
English	a kind of wheat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	來
Reading #	1/1
No.	7598
Phonetic component	來
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*m·rɯːɡ/

Category:Chinese lemmas#人06 Category:Mandarin lemmas#人06 Category:Cantonese lemmas#人06 Category:Middle Chinese lemmas#人06 Category:Old Chinese lemmas#人06 Category:Chinese hanzi#人06 Category:Mandarin hanzi#人06 Category:Cantonese hanzi#人06 Category:Middle Chinese hanzi#人06 Category:Old Chinese hanzi#人06 Category:Chinese nouns#人06 Category:Mandarin nouns#人06 Category:Cantonese nouns#人06 Category:Middle Chinese nouns#人06 Category:Old Chinese nouns#人06 Category:Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation#人06 Category:Chinese terms spelled with 來#人06

Definitions

來Category:Chinese lemmas#人06 Category:Chinese hanzi#人06 Category:Chinese entries with incorrect language header#人06 Category:Pages with entries#來 Category:Pages with 6 entries#來

(obsolete Category:Chinese terms with obsolete senses#人06) wheat
- 貽我來牟，帝命率育。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  贻我来牟，帝命率育。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yí wǒ mài móu, dì mìng shuài yù. [Pinyin]
  Thou didst confer on us the wheat and the barley, which God appointed for the nourishment of all.
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations

References

“來”, in 漢語多功能字庫Category:Chinese terms with redundant script codes#來 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學Category:Chinese links with redundant wikilinks#來 Category:Chinese links with redundant alt parameters#來 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
“來”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典Category:Chinese terms with redundant script codes#來 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2026.

Category:Beginning Mandarin#人06 Category:Elementary Mandarin#人06

Japanese

Shinjitai	来Category:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#來
Kyūjitai	來Category:Japanese terms with redundant script codes#來

Kanji

來

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 来)

Category:Japanese kanji#木04 Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#木04 Category:Japanese jinmeiyō kanji#木04

Kyūjitai form of 来Category:Japanese kyūjitai spellings#らい

Readings

Etymology

For pronunciation and definitions of 來 – see the following entry.

【来】2	[kanji] second grade kanji Kanji reading: らい, くる, きたる, きたす, き, こ, な, ゆき

(This term, 來, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Category:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#らい Category:Pages with entries#來 Category:Pages with 6 entries#來

Korean

Hanja

來 (eumhun 올 래 (ol rae), word-initial (South Korea) 올 내 (ol nae))Category:Korean lemmas#래 Category:Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#래 Category:Korean hanja#래 Category:Korean entries with incorrect language header#래 Category:Pages with entries#來 Category:Pages with 6 entries#來

hanja form^? of 래 (“to come; to arrive”)Category:Korean hanja forms#來

Compounds

미래 (未來, mirae, “future”)
내일 (來日, naeil, “tomorrow”)
내년 (來年, naenyeon, “next year”)

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic Category:Old Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic#くる Category:Old Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#くる Category:Old Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic#くる *ku. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.^[1] Compare the development of す.

Verb

來 (ku) (kana く)Category:Old Japanese lemmas#く Category:Old Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#く Category:Old Japanese verbs#く Category:Old Japanese entries with incorrect language header#く Category:Pages with entries#來 Category:Pages with 6 entries#來

to come (towards the speaker), approach
- 711–712, Kojiki, poem 51:
  ...伊良那祁久曾許爾淤母比傅加那志祁久許許爾淤母比傅伊岐良受曾久流阿豆佐由美麻由美
  ...iranake₁ku so₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de kanasike₁ku ko₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de iki₁razu so kuru adusayumi₁ mayumi₁
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  Category:Old Japanese terms with quotations#け Category:Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations#け
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 527:
  將來云毛不來時有乎不來云乎將來常者不待不來云物乎
  ko₂mu to₂ ipu mo ko₂nu to₂ki₁ aru wo ko₂zi to₂ ipu wo ko₂mu to₂ pa matazi ko₂zi to₂ ipu mono₂ wo
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  Category:Old Japanese terms with quotations#け Category:Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations#け
to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3589:
  由布佐禮婆比具良之伎奈久伊故麻山古延弖曾安我久流伊毛我目乎保里
  yupu sareba pi₁gurasi ki₁naku Iko₂ma-yama ko₁yete so₂ a ga kuru imo ga me₂ wo pori
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  Category:Old Japanese terms with quotations#け Category:Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations#け
(suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3453:
  可是能等能登抱吉和伎母賀吉西斯伎奴多母登乃久太利麻欲比伎爾家利
  kaze no₂ to₂ no₂ kaze no₂ to₂poki₁ wagi₁mo ga ki₁sesi ki₁nu tamoto₂ no₂ kudari mayo₁piki₁nike₁ri
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  Category:Old Japanese terms with quotations#け Category:Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations#け

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "來" (カ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	來	こ	ko
Continuative (連用形)	來	き	ki
Terminal (終止形)	來	く	ku
Attributive (連体形)	來る	くる	kuru
Realis (已然形)	來れ	くれ	kure
Imperative (命令形)	來來よ	ここよ	ko koyo
Key constructions
Negative	來ず	こず	kozu
Contrasting conjunction	來れど	くれど	kuredo
Causal conjunction	來れば	くれば	kureba
Conditional conjunction	來ば	こば	koba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	來し^[1] 來し^[1]	こしきし	kosi kisi
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	來けり	きけり	kikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	來つ	きつ	kitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	來ぬ	きぬ	kinu
Perfect-continuative tense	來たり	きたり	kitari
Volitional	來む	こむ	komu

^[1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation.

Derived terms

來る (ki₁taru)
來鳴く (ki₁naku)

Descendants

Japanese: 来る (kuru)

Etymology 2

Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.

Verb

來 (ke₁) (kana け)Category:Old Japanese non-lemma forms#け Category:Old Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#け Category:Old Japanese verb forms#け Category:Old Japanese entries with incorrect language header#け Category:Pages with entries#來 Category:Pages with 6 entries#來

stem or continuative conjugation of 來 (ku, “to come”)Category:Forms linking to themselves#け (regional Category:Regional Old Japanese#け Category:Old Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#け, Southern Eastern Old Japanese)
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4337:
  美豆等利乃多知能已蘇岐爾父母爾毛能波須價爾弖已麻叙久夜志伎
  miduto₂ri no₂ tati no₂ iso₁gi₁ ni titipapa ni mono₂pazu ke₁nite ima zo kuyasiki₁
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  Category:Old Japanese terms with quotations#け Category:Requests for translations of Old Japanese quotations#け

References

↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Vietnamese

Han character

來: Hán Việt readings: lai^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]Category:Vietnamese Chữ Hán#人06 Category:Vietnamese lemmas Category:Vietnamese Han characters
來: Nôm readings: lơi^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6], lay^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7], lai^[1]^[3]^[6]^[7], rơi^[1]^[2], lài^[1]^[7], lại^[1]^[7], ray^[2], rời^[2], rây^[7]Category:Vietnamese Nom#人06 Category:Vietnamese lemmas Category:Vietnamese Han characters

chữ Hán form of lai (“to come”)Category:Vietnamese Chữ Hán
chữ Nôm form of lai (“used in lai láng (“profuse”)”)Category:Vietnamese Nom
chữ Nôm form of lại (“again; to come”)Category:Vietnamese Nom
chữ Nôm form of lay (“to shake”)Category:Vietnamese Nom
chữ Nôm form of rây (“sieve; to sift”)Category:Vietnamese Nom

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
1 2 3 4 5 6 Trần (2004).
1 2 3 4 Hồ (1976).
1 2 3 Bonet (1899).
1 2 3 Génibrel (1898).
1 2 3 4 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn (2014).

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[tdcntd-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trần (2004).

[btcn-4] 1 2 3 4 Hồ (1976).

[bonet-5] 1 2 3 Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-6] 1 2 3 Génibrel (1898).

[taberd-7] 1 2 3 4 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[tdcndg-8] 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn (2014).

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