Wikimore

Excrescent suffix (adding sound but largely not changing the meaning).
‎among + ‎-st → ‎amongst

‎mid + ‎-st → ‎midst

‎while + ‎-st → ‎whilst

Usage notes

When there is a shorter synonymous word (as in amongst/among), the form with -st is generally considered more formal, old-fashioned or affected in American English; whereas both are usually interchangeable in British English.

However, against is distinct in meaning from again, and midst is used in some contexts distinctly from mid.

Derived terms

Anagrams

t's, T&S, T's, ts, Ts, t.s, TS

Dutch

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic Category:Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ST *-þiz. The -s- is the result of a wrong segmentation of stem and suffix of a noun in cases where the stem of the noun ended with -s-. For example: a word like Dutch vorst (“frost”) could be interpreted as vors+t or as vor+st. This suffix existed already in Gothic (𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts), from *𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*unnan)).^[1]

Suffix

-st f (plural -sten)Category:Dutch lemmas#ST Category:Dutch suffixes#ST Category:Dutch noun-forming suffixes#ST Category:Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Dutch feminine suffixes#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun; it is similar in function to the Dutch suffix -ing

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch Category:Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch#ST Category:Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch#ST -st, from Old Dutch Category:Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch#ST Category:Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch#ST -ist, -ost, from Proto-Germanic Category:Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ST Category:Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ST *-istaz, *-ōstaz. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, English -est, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.

Suffix

-stCategory:Dutch lemmas#ST Category:Dutch suffixes#ST Category:Dutch inflectional suffixes#ST Category:Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

appended to an adjective this suffix forms the superlative
vreemd (“strange”) → vreemdst (“strangest”)Category:Dutch links with redundant target parameters#ST

References

↑ A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, →ISBN; § 167

Estonian

Suffix

-stCategory:Estonian non-lemma forms#ST Category:Estonian suffix forms#ST Category:Estonian entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

partitive singular of -ne

Faroese

German

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /st/Category:German terms with IPA pronunciation#ST (standard)
IPA^(key): /t/Category:German terms with IPA pronunciation#ST (alternatively after -sch-)
IPA^(key): /s/Category:German terms with IPA pronunciation#ST (central-western Germany, chiefly informal)
IPA^(key): /ʃ/Category:German terms with IPA pronunciation#ST (south-western Germany and Switzerland, chiefly informal)

Suffix

-stCategory:German lemmas#ST Category:German suffixes#ST Category:German inflectional suffixes#ST Category:German entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

Verb suffix for the second-person singular.
‎lachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-st → ‎du lachst (“you laugh, thou laughest”)

‎spielen (“to play”) + ‎-st → ‎du spielst (“you play, thou playest”)

Usage notes

In the present tense, the suffix becomes -t after s, ß, x, z: du schießt. After sch the spelling -t is standard only in Austria and South Tyrol, but the according pronunciation is common in most regions: du wäschst or wäscht.
The suffix becomes -est after d, t: du wartest. However, strong verbs with a vowel change have -st: du rätst. In obsolete usage the form -est was employed more freely also after other sounds.
In the strong past tense, -est is used after sibilants: du schossest. However, when the preceding vowel is long the form -t is possible alternatively: du aßest or aßt. After d, t the forms -est and -st are used in free variation: du rittest or rittst.

Etymology 2

From Middle High German Category:German terms inherited from Middle High German#ST Category:German terms derived from Middle High German#ST -est, from a merger of Old High German Category:German terms inherited from Old High German#ST Category:German terms derived from Old High German#ST -ist and -ōst, from Proto-Germanic Category:German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ST Category:German terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ST *-istaz and *-ōstaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /st/Category:German terms with IPA pronunciation#ST

Suffix

-stCategory:German lemmas#ST Category:German suffixes#ST Category:German inflectional suffixes#ST Category:German entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

Forms superlatives of adjectives and adverbs, sometimes triggering umlaut.
‎klein (“small”) + ‎-st → ‎der kleinste (“the smallest”)

‎lang (“long”) + ‎-st → ‎der längste (“the longest”)

‎herzlich (“cordially”) + ‎-st → ‎am herzlichsten (“most cordially”)

‎schleunig (“speedily”) + ‎-st → ‎schleunigst (“straight away”)Category:German links with redundant wikilinks#ST Category:German links with redundant target parameters#ST

Usage notes

Attributive superlatives are declined like other adjectives. Predicative and adverbial superlatives generally take the particle am before them and are accordingly declined in the neuter dative singular. Some adjectives/adverbs also have basic forms in -st, but these are generally lexicalised.
The suffix becomes -est after sibilants s, sch, ß, x, z and after d, t when the adjective has final stress: der kürzeste, weiteste (though der kürzte, weitste may be heard colloquially and the same is standard in der größte). When the last vowel is /ə/ or unstressed /ɪ/ the short form is used: der geeignetste, sympathischste. After other unstressed vowels both ways are possible: der elendeste or elendste.
The forms -st and -est are also both possible after stressed final vowels and after consonant clusters (except those involving -r-). Thus: der neueste or neuste, der schlankeste or schlankste. The formal language prefers the long forms while the vernacular prefer the short ones.

Hungarian

Etymology

From -s (adjective-forming suffix) +‎ -t (locative suffix) in the Old Hungarian period. The adverbial sense of the locative suffix -t can be shown only in this -st morpheme.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ʃt]Category:Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation#ST

Suffix

-stCategory:Hungarian lemmas#ST Category:Hungarian suffixes#ST Category:Hungarian entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

(adverb-forming suffix) Forms an adverb of manner.

Usage notes

(adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
-st

-est
‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-est → ‎örömest (“with joy”)
It is no longer productive and can be found only in a few adverbs: bízvást, egyenest, fogvást, folyvást, folyton-folyvást, homlokegyenest, képest, mármost, mihelyst, most, nézvést, oldalvást, óvást, örömest, rögvest, szemlátomást, üstöllést, valamelyest, vegyest.^[2]

Derived terms

Category:Pages using catfix#ST

Hungarian adverbs suffixed with -st

folyvást

mihelyst

most

References

↑ -st in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
↑ Papp, Ferenc (ed.). A magyar nyelv szóvégmutató szótára (’Reverse-Alphabetized Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994, p. 495.

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse Category:Icelandic terms inherited from Old Norse#ST Category:Icelandic terms derived from Old Norse#ST -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun sik (whence Icelandic sig).

Ingrian

Etymology 1

UncertainCategory:Ingrian terms with unknown etymologies#ST:

Possibly identical to the elative marker (see below), exhibiting an archaic function of the elative, found also in archaic or dialectal Finnish -sta.
Alternatively, from Proto-Finnic *-stik, reanalysed as identical to the elative marker after vowel reduction. In this case akin to Finnish -sti and Estonian -sti.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-stɑ/, [-s̠tɑ], /-stæ/, [-s̠tæ]Category:Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation#ST

(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-st/, [-ʃt]Category:Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation#ST

Suffix

-stCategory:Ingrian lemmas#ST Category:Ingrian suffixes#ST Category:Ingrian entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

Used to form adverbs of manner from adjectives; -ly

Usage notes

In the Soikkola dialect, may trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic Category:Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic#ST Category:Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic#ST *-sta. Cognates include Finnish -sta and Estonian -st.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-stɑ/, [-s̠tɑ], /-stæ/, [-s̠tæ]Category:Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation#ST

(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-st/, [-ʃt]Category:Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation#ST

Suffix

-stCategory:Ingrian lemmas#ST Category:Ingrian suffixes#ST Category:Ingrian entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

Used to form the elative case; out of

Usage notes

In the Soikkola dialect, may trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Inflection

Possessive forms of -st
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-staan	-stamme
2nd person	-staas	-stanne
3rd person	-staa	-stasse

References

V. I. Junus (1936), Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 43

Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Middle High German Category:Luxembourgish terms inherited from Middle High German#ST Category:Luxembourgish terms derived from Middle High German#ST -est, from Old High German Category:Luxembourgish terms inherited from Old High German#ST Category:Luxembourgish terms derived from Old High German#ST -ist, -ōst, from Proto-Germanic Category:Luxembourgish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ST Category:Luxembourgish terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ST *-istaz, *-ōstaz.

The expected form would be -scht as still in bescht (“best”) and meescht (“most”). The form -st is native in the northern third of Luxembourg and spread southwards, probably in part because the suffix is used in positions where /ʃ/ otherwise does not occur, and in part under the reinforcing influence of standard German Category:Luxembourgish terms derived from German#ST.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /st/Category:Luxembourgish terms with IPA pronunciation#ST

Suffix

-stCategory:Luxembourgish lemmas#ST Category:Luxembourgish suffixes#ST Category:Luxembourgish entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch Category:Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch#ST Category:Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch#ST -ist, -ost, from Proto-Germanic Category:Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ST Category:Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ST *-istaz, *-ōstaz.

Suffix

-stCategory:Middle Dutch lemmas#st Category:Middle Dutch terms with redundant sortkeys#st Category:Middle Dutch suffixes#st Category:Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header#st Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est

Derived terms

See Category:Middle Dutch adjective superlative forms.

Related terms

-er

Descendants

Dutch: -st

Old English

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /st/Category:Old English terms with IPA pronunciation#ST

Suffix

-stCategory:Old English non-lemma forms#ST Category:Old English suffix forms#ST Category:Old English entries with incorrect language header#ST Category:Pages with entries#ST Category:Pages with 11 entries#ST

Used to form the second person singular present indicative of strong verbs and certain Class I weak verbs
‎drīfan (“to drive”) + ‎-st → ‎drīfst (“you/thou drive”)

[1] A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, →ISBN; § 167

[2] -st in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

[3] Papp, Ferenc (ed.). A magyar nyelv szóvégmutató szótára (’Reverse-Alphabetized Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994, p. 495.

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