-er
Afrikaans • Bavarian • Breton • Catalan • Central Franconian • Chungli Ao • Chuukese • Cornish • Danish • Dutch • French • Gagauz • German • Hungarian • Latin • Luxembourgish • Middle Dutch • Middle English • Middle French • Norman • Northern Kurdish • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old English • Old French • Old Frisian • Old Swedish • Polish • Portuguese • Saterland Frisian • Scots • Spanish • Swedish • Turkish • Walloon • Welsh • Yola
Page categories
English
Pronunciation
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ə/Category:English 1-syllable words#ERCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ER
- (General American) enPR: ər, IPA(key): /ɚ/, [ɹ̩]Category:English 1-syllable words#ERCategory:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ER
Category:English terms with audio pronunciation#ERAudio (US): (file) - Homophones: -or; -a (non-rhotic)Category:English terms with homophones#ER
Etymology 1
Inherited from Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -ere, -erCategory:Middle English links with ignored id parameters#ER, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ER -ere, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *-ārī, from Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-ārijaz, usually thought to have been borrowed from LatinCategory:English terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius; see Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz for an alternate theory. Reinforced by Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -er, from Old FrenchCategory:English terms derived from Old French#ER -ier, also from LatinCategory:English terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius; compare the synonymous but unrelated Old FrenchCategory:English terms derived from Old French#ER -or, -eor (Anglo-NormanCategory:English terms derived from Anglo-Norman#ER variant -our), from LatinCategory:English terms derived from Latin#ER -(ā)tor, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ER *-tōr.
The "inhabitant" sense is sometimes connected to Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -wær(r)e, -ware, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ER -ware (suffix denoting residency), from Proto-West GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *-wari, from Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *warjaz (“inhabitant”), from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ER *wer- (“to protect”).
Alternative forms
- -'er (following an abbreviation, or sometimes following a number)
Suffix
-er (noun-forming suffix, plural -ers)Category:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:English countable nouns#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (added to verbs) A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.
- (added to verbs, informalCategory:English informal terms#ER) A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily.
- (added to nouns, chiefly denoting occupations) A person whose occupation is the root noun; (more broadly, occasionally with adjectives) a person characterized by the root.
- (added to numbers, measurements or nouns denoting quantified sets) A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
- six + -er → sixer
- six foot + -er → six-footer
- three-wheel + -er → three-wheeler
- first grade + -er → first grader
- (slangCategory:English slang#ER, chiefly entertainment, with few limitations) Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms.
- (added to nouns) A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
- (added to nouns or occasionally adjectives) A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
- bacon + -er → baconer (“pig raised for bacon”)
- chocolate chip + -er → chocolate chipper (“cookie containing chocolate chips”)
- sternwheel + -er → sternwheeler (“vessel driven by a sternwheel”)
- (slangCategory:English slang#ER, added in slang speech to verbs or adjectives) Indicates a correspondence or coincidence between the action or condition indicated by the root and the noun being described.
- (added to a proper noun) Suffix denoting a resident or inhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun); used to form a demonym.
- New York + -er → New Yorker
- London + -er → Londoner
- Dublin + -er → Dubliner
- New England + -er → New Englander
- Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.
- island + -er → islander
- highland + -er → highlander
- East End + -er → East-Ender
Usage notes
- The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as in passerbyCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER and runner-upCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER) but is sometimes added at the end, irrespective of the position of the verb component (do-gooderCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER) or is added to both components, often with humorous effect (washer-upperCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER). Rarely, it may even appear three times, as in picker-upperer.
- The occupational sense is often applied generally to members of a group, as in crewer (“a member of a crew”) and Z-lister (“one on the Z-list”); fans and hobbyists, as in K-popper (“a fan of K-pop”), and those who use a particular tool or instrument, as in JavaScripter (“a programmer who uses JavaScript”).
- The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as the Variety -er.
Derived terms
Translations
The translations below are a guide only. For more precise translations, see specific words ending with this suffix.
See also
Etymology 2
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -re, -er, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ER -ru (plural suffix), from Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-izō (plural suffix). Cognate with Dutch -er (plural ending), German -er (plural ending). See also -ren.
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English inflectional suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (obsoleteCategory:English terms with obsolete senses#ER, no longer productive) Suffix used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -ere, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ER -ra, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-izô or Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-ōzô (a derivative of Etymology 4, below); related to superlative -est.
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (added to certain adjectives and adverbs, now especially short ones) More; used to form the comparative.
Usage notes
- (more; used to form the comparative): Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix -er also form their superlatives using the suffix -est.
- Final -y preceded by a consonant becomes -i- when the suffix -er or -est is added.
- easy → easier → easiest; gray → grayer → grayest
- When the stress is on the final (or only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added.
- dim → dimmer → dimmest
- The suffixes -er and -est may be used to form the comparative and superlative of most adjectives and adverbs that have one syllable and some that have two or more syllables.
- hot → hotter → hottest; fast → faster → fastest; funny → funnier → funniest; sugary → sugarier → sugariest
- Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly:
- good → better → best; far → farther → farthest, or far → further → furthest, depending on the meaning
- The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed with more and most.
- rigid → more rigid → most rigid; enormous → more enormous → most enormous; burnt → more burnt → most burnt; freezing → more freezing → most freezing
- If in doubt, use more to form the comparative and most to form the superlative; for example, thirsty may become thirstier and thirstiest, but more thirsty and most thirsty are also acceptable.
- Final -y preceded by a consonant becomes -i- when the suffix -er or -est is added.
- Words ending with -ng are pronounced /ŋ/ by most dialects instead of /ŋɡ/. However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the /ɡ/ appears in most dialects (but not in wrong)
- long (/lɒŋ/) → longer (/ˈlɒŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/); young (/jʌŋ/) → youngest (/ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/)
Translations
Etymology 4
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -er, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ER -or, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *-ōʀ, Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-ōz.
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
Translations
Etymology 5
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -eren, -ren, -rien, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ER -erian, -rian, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *-rōn, *-iʀōn, from Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-rōną or *-izōną. Cognate with West Frisian -erje, Dutch -eren, German -eren, -ern, Danish -re, Swedish -ra.
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (added to a verb or imitative sound) Frequently; used to form frequentative verbs.
- twitterCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, clamberCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, bickerCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, mutterCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, wanderCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, flutterCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, flickerCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, slitherCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, smotherCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER, sputterCategory:English links with redundant target parameters#ER
Synonyms
- (used to form frequentative): -le
Translations
See also
Frequentative on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Etymology 6
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -er, from Anglo-NormanCategory:English terms derived from Anglo-Norman#ER -er, Old FrenchCategory:English terms derived from Old French#ER -er, the infinitive verbal ending.
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (chiefly lawCategory:en:Law#ER, added to a verb) Instance of (the verbal action); used to form nouns from verbs.
Derived terms
Etymology 7
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -er, -ere (diminutive suffix). Compare -el.
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
Etymology 8
Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (originally school slangCategory:English school slang#ER) Used to form slang or colloquial equivalents of words.
Derived terms
Related terms
Translations
Etymology 9
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ER -er, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ERCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ER -er, -or, from Proto-GermanicCategory:English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-raz. Compare -le.
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (now chiefly dialectalCategory:English dialectal terms#ER) A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating aptitude, proneness, or tendency toward a specified action:
Synonyms
Etymology 10
From MandarinCategory:English terms borrowed from Mandarin#ERCategory:English terms derived from Mandarin#ER -兒 / -儿 (-ér).
Suffix
-erCategory:English lemmas#ERCategory:English suffixes#ERCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (Chinese literatureCategory:en:Literature#ER) Junior, child, younger person. (Attached to a name, usually one syllable of the given name.)
- Li’er said hello to his father.Category:English terms with usage examples#ER
- 1979, Women of China, page 44:
- Yue’er began to laugh again and her tears shimmered like dew on a lotus leaf disturbed by a breeze. Then we heard a sound. It was Man’er.Category:English terms with quotations#ER
- 2002 [1934], Xiao Hong, “The Field of Life and Death”, in Howard Goldblatt, transl., The Field of Life and Death & Tales of Hulan River, →ISBN, page 32:
- The fish was laid out on the table, but Ping’er had not come back, nor had his father.Category:English terms with quotations#ER
- 2014 [1959], Zhong Lihe, “The Little Ridge”, in T. M. McClellan, transl., From the Old Country: Stories and Sketches of China and Taiwan, →ISBN, page 202:
- Ying’er was not yet three years old. Li’er had always been the one to play with her or to carry her places on his back.Category:English terms with quotations#ER
Usage notes
- Especially in Mandarin Chinese literature that has been translated into English, the suffix is often left untranslated in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to the use of -kun / -chan / -san or sensei in English-language Japanese fiction.
- Often, an apostrophe (used to mark syllable boundaries in pinyin) is inserted before the hyphen (as in Li'er), though it can also be omitted (Yinger).
Coordinate terms
See also
References
- “-er”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
- Douglas Harper (2001–2026), “-er”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
Anagrams
Category:English productive suffixes#ER Category:Oxford University slang#erAfrikaans
Etymology
From DutchCategory:Afrikaans terms inherited from Dutch#ERCategory:Afrikaans terms derived from Dutch#ER -er.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Afrikaans lemmas#ERCategory:Afrikaans suffixes#ERCategory:Afrikaans entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
Bavarian
Etymology
From Middle High GermanCategory:Bavarian terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:Bavarian terms derived from Middle High German#ER -er, from Old High GermanCategory:Bavarian terms inherited from Old High German#ERCategory:Bavarian terms derived from Old High German#ER -ari, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:Bavarian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:Bavarian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *-ārī. Cognates include German -er and Luxembourgish -er.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Bavarian lemmas#ERCategory:Bavarian suffixes#ERCategory:Bavarian entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
Derived terms
Breton
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Breton lemmas#ERCategory:Breton suffixes#ERCategory:Breton entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- person or thing that (does the action indicated by the root); used to form an agent noun.
Derived terms
Catalan
Etymology
Inherited from LatinCategory:Catalan terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Catalan terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius. Compare the borrowed doublet -ariCategory:Catalan doublets#ER.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-er m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ers)Category:Catalan lemmas#ERCategory:Catalan suffixes#ERCategory:Catalan noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Catalan countable suffixes#ERCategory:Catalan entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Catalan masculine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- forms nouns meaning the location or object where something is usually found
- forms nouns meaning a plant which is cultivated to produce something
- forms nouns meaning the purpose of something or an object used for that purpose
- tovallola (“towel”) + -er → tovalloler (“towel rail”)
Usage notes
- The equivalent suffix -era can be used to form feminine nouns with these meanings, but usually only the masculine or feminine form will be found in Catalan.
Suffix
-er (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -era, masculine plural -ers, feminine plural -eres)Category:Catalan lemmas#ERCategory:Catalan suffixes#ERCategory:Catalan adjective-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Catalan entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- forms nouns and adjectives referring to an inhabitant of somewhere
- forms nouns and adjectives referring to engaging in a profession
- forms nouns and adjectives referring to being prone to some activity or characteristic
- forms relational adjectives
- llet (“milk”) + -er → lleter (“milk [relational adjective], dairy”)
- pel·lícula (“film”) + -er → pel·liculer (“film [relational adjective], filmic, cinematic”)
Usage notes
- Because these senses are used to form adjectives of two forms or nouns referring to animate objects, both the masculine and feminine forms will be found in Catalan, with the lemma entry found at the masculine form.
See also
Derived terms
References
- “-er”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2026
- “-er” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
Central Franconian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Middle High GermanCategory:Central Franconian terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:Central Franconian terms derived from Middle High German#ER -er, from various Proto-GermanicCategory:Central Franconian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Central Franconian terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER suffixes.
Regarding the use in masculine pronouns, the medieval documentation shows that, for “who” and “that one”, Ripuarian had forms with and without -r alongside (wer/wē, der/dē), but for “he” only hē. Today these forms have been unified to r-less wä, dä, hä, but the r-form still survives in the unstressed article der (“the”). The use in indefinite pronouns is analogical; in comparison to other High German dialects, this expansion was very limited, encompassing neither determiners nor adjectives.
Suffix
-er (inflectional)Category:Central Franconian lemmas#ERCategory:Central Franconian suffixes#ERCategory:Central Franconian entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- forms comparatives
- forms feminine dative forms of pronouns, determiners and adjectives
- forms masculine nominative/accusative forms of indefinite pronouns: eener, keener, mäncher, selver, welcher (only in independent use)
Etymology 2
Category:Central Franconian terms derived from Old High German#ERCategory:Central Franconian terms inherited from Old High German#ERCategory:Central Franconian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:Central Franconian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERFrom Middle High GermanCategory:Central Franconian terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:Central Franconian terms derived from Middle High German#ER -er(e), -ære, ultimately from LatinCategory:Central Franconian terms derived from Latin#ER -arius.
Suffix
-er (derivational)Category:Central Franconian lemmas#ERCategory:Central Franconian suffixes#ERCategory:Central Franconian entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- -er, -or; forms agent nouns
Chungli Ao
Etymology 1
Suffix
-erCategory:Chungli Ao lemmas#ERCategory:Chungli Ao suffixes#ERCategory:Chungli Ao entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- simple present verb suffix
Etymology 2
See Proto-Central NagaCategory:Chungli Ao terms inherited from Proto-Central Naga#ERCategory:Chungli Ao terms derived from Proto-Central Naga#ER *th-ra (“ten”) (whence also ter (“ten”)).
Suffix
-erCategory:Chungli Ao lemmas#ERCategory:Chungli Ao suffixes#ERCategory:Chungli Ao entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms numerals denoting multiples of ten.
Derived terms
Further reading
- Gowda, K. S. Gurubasave (1975), Ao Grammar, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, page 50
- Clark, Mary M. (1893), Ao Naga grammar with illustrative phrases and vocabulary, Molung: Assam Secretariat Printing Office, pages 17-18
Chuukese
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Chuukese lemmas#ERCategory:Chuukese suffixes#ERCategory:Chuukese entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
Related terms
| small objects, concepts | large objects, living things | suffix | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | first person | ai | nei | -ei |
| second person | omw, om | noum | -om | |
| third person | an | noun | -an | |
| plural | first person | äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive) | nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive) | -em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive) |
| second person | ämi, ami | noumi | -emi | |
| third person | ar | nour | -er |
Cornish
Etymology
From either LatinCategory:Cornish terms derived from Latin#ER -or or EnglishCategory:Cornish terms derived from English#ER -er.
Suffix
-er m (plural -oryon)Category:Cornish lemmas#ERCategory:Cornish suffixes#ERCategory:Cornish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Cornish masculine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms masculine agent nouns
- Forms adjectives for spoken languages; -phone
Usage notes
- Feminine suffix -es changes this suffix to -ores.
Derived terms
Danish
Etymology
From Old NorseCategory:Danish terms inherited from Old Norse#ERCategory:Danish terms derived from Old Norse#ER -ari
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Danish lemmas#ERCategory:Danish suffixes#ERCategory:Danish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms agent nouns from verbs, with the sense "someone or something that verbs".
- Forms plural forms of many nouns.
- Forms the present tense of many verbs.
- Forms demonyms.
- Forms informal action nouns from verbs.
- (especially definite) Forms informal abbreviations of nouns, with elision.
- Forms a piece of currency from numbers.
- Forms a die throw result from numbers.
- Du skal slå mindst en treer for at komme videre.
- You must throw at least a three to move on.
Usage notes
Senses 1 and 3 often lead to heteronymic pairs. For example, from løbe (“run”) [ˈløːb̥ə] comes løber (“runs”) [ˈløːˀb̥ɐ] (verb form) and løber (“runner”) [ˈløːb̥ɐ] (noun), distinguished by stød.
Derived terms
References
- “-er” in Den Danske Ordbog
Dutch
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Old DutchCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch#ER *-āri, -ere, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-ārijaz, borrowed from LatinCategory:Dutch terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius. Cognate with Dutch -aar.[1]
Suffix
-er m (plural -ers, feminine -ster)Category:Dutch lemmas#ERCategory:Dutch suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Dutch masculine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
- Forms nouns for a person associated with something.
Derived terms
Descendants
- Afrikaans: -er
Etymology 2
From Old DutchCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch#ER *-āri, -ere, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *warjaz.
Suffix
-erCategory:Dutch lemmas#ERCategory:Dutch suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch adjective-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms nouns denoting male inhabitants or residents of a place.
- Een Amsterdammer
- A (male) inhabitant of Amsterdam
- Synonym: -aar
- Een Amsterdammer
- Formings adjectives denoting something originating from a place.
- Het Groninger museum
- The museum of Groningen
- Synonym: -s
- Het Groninger museum
Antonyms
- (antonym(s) of “male inhabitant”): -se (“female inhabitant”)
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From Middle DutchCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch#ER -er, from Old DutchCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch#ER -iro, -oro, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-izô, *-ōzô.
Suffix
-erCategory:Dutch lemmas#ERCategory:Dutch suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch inflectional suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms the comparative form of adjectives.
Derived terms
Etymology 4
From Middle DutchCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch#ER -er, from Old DutchCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch#ER -ro, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *-eʀā, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-aizōz.
Suffix
-erCategory:Dutch lemmas#ERCategory:Dutch suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch inflectional suffixes#ERCategory:Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (archaicCategory:Dutch terms with archaic senses#ER, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the (strong) feminine singular genitive.
- onverrichter zake ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)Category:Dutch terms with usage examples#ERCategory:Requests for translations of Dutch usage examples#ER
- de schoonheid ener vrouw ― the beauty of a womanCategory:Dutch terms with usage examples#ER
- (archaicCategory:Dutch terms with archaic senses#ER, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the (strong) feminine singular dative.
- te goeder trouw ― in good faithCategory:Dutch terms with usage examples#ER
Usage notes
- Mostly encountered vestigially, such as in fixed expressions; see for example the descendants at -wijs.
References
French
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Inherited from Middle French -er.
Category:French terms inherited from Proto-Italic#ERCategory:French terms derived from Latin#ERCategory:French terms derived from Old French#ERCategory:French terms derived from Middle French#ERCategory:French terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:French terms derived from Proto-Italic#ERCategory:French terms inherited from Middle French#ERCategory:French terms inherited from Old French#ERCategory:Pages with etymology trees#ERCategory:French entries with etymology trees#ERCategory:French entries with etymology texts#ERFor the loss of final -r in pronunciation, compare another suffix -ier (but not its feminine form -ière), and nouns gars and monsieur. Elsewhere, -r is not silent (e.g. hiver, mer).
Suffix
-er (verb-forming suffix)Category:French lemmas#ERCategory:French suffixes#ERCategory:French verb-forming suffixes#ERCategory:French entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs
- aimer ― to loveCategory:French terms with usage examples#ER
Usage notes
- In newly formed verbs, this suffix may be preceded by a euphonic consonant /t/ after a base ending in an oral vowel to avoid hiatus. In verbs formed from bases ending in nasal vowels, /n/ is inserted and the nasal vowel is denasalized:
Conjugation
| infinitive | simple | -er | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | -ant /ɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | -é /e/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | -e /ə/2 |
-es /ə/ |
-e /ə/ |
-ons /ɔ̃/ |
-ez /e/ |
-ent /ə/ |
| imperfect | -ais /ɛ/ |
-ais /ɛ/ |
-ait /ɛ/ |
-ions /jɔ̃/ |
-iez /je/ |
-aient /ɛ/ | |
| past historic3 | -ai /e/ |
-as /a/ |
-a /a/ |
-âmes /am/ |
-âtes /at/ |
-èrent /ɛʁ/ | |
| future | -erai /ə.ʁe/ |
-eras /ə.ʁa/ |
-era /ə.ʁa/ |
-erons /ə.ʁɔ̃/ |
-erez /ə.ʁe/ |
-eront /ə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | -erais /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erais /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erait /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erions /ə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
-eriez /ə.ʁje/ |
-eraient /ə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior3 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | -e /ə/2 |
-es /ə/ |
-e /ə/ |
-ions /jɔ̃/ |
-iez /je/ |
-ent /ə/ |
| imperfect3 | -asse /as/ |
-asses /as/ |
-ât /a/ |
-assions /a.sjɔ̃/ |
-assiez /a.sje/ |
-assent /as/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect3 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | -e /ə/ |
— | -ons /ɔ̃/ |
-ez /e/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 -é when inverted. | |||||||
3 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- → Swedish: -era (partially derived from French)
Etymology 2
Inherited from Middle French -er, from Old French -ier, from Latin -ārius, a nominalization of -ārius, from Proto-Italic *-āzios, from Proto-Indo-European *-yós.
Category:French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ERCategory:French terms derived from Latin#ERCategory:French terms derived from Old French#ERCategory:French terms derived from Middle French#ERCategory:French terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:French terms derived from Proto-Italic#ERCategory:French terms inherited from Middle French#ERCategory:French terms inherited from Old French#ERCategory:Pages with etymology trees#ERCategory:French entries with etymology trees#ERCategory:French entries with etymology texts#ERSuffix
-er m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ers)Category:French lemmas#ERCategory:French suffixes#ERCategory:French noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:French countable suffixes#ERCategory:French entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:French masculine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- forms nouns indicating the person who exercises a particular activity
- Synonym: (female equivalent) -ère
- boulanger ― bakerCategory:French terms with usage examples#ER
Derived terms
Gagauz
Alternative forms
- -ii, -iy (Cioc-Maidan, Avdarma, Vulcănești, Etulia, Cișmichioi)
Etymology
Inherited from Old Anatolian TurkishCategory:Gagauz terms inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish#ERCategory:Gagauz terms derived from Old Anatolian Turkish#ER [script needed]Category:Requests for native script for Old Anatolian Turkish terms#ER (-yorır, -yörir), [script needed]Category:Requests for native script for Old Anatolian Turkish terms#ER (-yor, -yör), ultimately from Proto-TurkicCategory:Gagauz terms inherited from Proto-Turkic#ERCategory:Gagauz terms derived from Proto-Turkic#ER *yorï-. Irregular evolution is explained as ıyor > *ıor > *ıar > êr, with contamination from the suffix -ar.[1] Compare Turkish -iyor, Turkmen -ýar. Doublet of örümääCategory:Gagauz doublets#ER.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-er (back vowel variant -êr)Category:Gagauz lemmas#ERCategory:Gagauz suffixes#ERCategory:Gagauz entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- marks the present imperfective tense
- olmaa (“to happen”)Category:Gagauz links with redundant wikilinks#ERCategory:Gagauz links with redundant alt parameters#ER + -er → olêr (“is happening”)Category:Gagauz links with redundant wikilinks#ERCategory:Gagauz links with redundant alt parameters#ER
- yaşamaa (“to live”)Category:Gagauz links with redundant wikilinks#ERCategory:Gagauz links with redundant alt parameters#ER + -er → yaşêêr (“is living”)Category:Gagauz links with redundant wikilinks#ERCategory:Gagauz links with redundant alt parameters#ER
- görmää (“to see”)Category:Gagauz links with redundant wikilinks#ERCategory:Gagauz links with redundant alt parameters#ER + -er → görer (“s/he sees”)Category:Gagauz links with redundant wikilinks#ERCategory:Gagauz links with redundant alt parameters#ER
- istemää (“to want”)Category:Gagauz links with redundant wikilinks#ERCategory:Gagauz links with redundant alt parameters#ER + -er → isteer (“s/he wants”)Category:Gagauz links with redundant wikilinks#ERCategory:Gagauz links with redundant alt parameters#ER
References
- ↑ Dinçaslan, M.F. (2023). Gagavuz Türkçesi Ana Ağız Alanları ile Alt Ağız Gruplarının Şimdiki Zaman Ekinin Varyantlarına Göre Tasnifi. Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi / International Journal of Turkic Dialects (TÜRKLAD). 7. Cilt, 2. Sayı, 369-38
Further reading
- N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “-er”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 641
German
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Middle High GermanCategory:German terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:German terms derived from Middle High German#ER -ære, -er, from Old High GermanCategory:German terms inherited from Old High German#ERCategory:German terms derived from Old High German#ER -āri, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *-ārī, from Proto-GermanicCategory:German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:German terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-ārijaz, further etymology unknown but possibly from LatinCategory:German terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius.[1]
Suffix
-er m (strong, genitive -ers, plural -er)Category:German lemmas#ERCategory:German suffixes#ERCategory:German noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:German entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:German masculine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms agent nouns etc. from verbs, suffixed to the verb stem.
- Forms instance nouns from verbs.
- Indicates something defined by a number; in the plural often all numbers with the same first digits
Declension
Derived terms
Related terms
Etymology 2
From Middle High GermanCategory:German terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:German terms derived from Middle High German#ER -er, a plural ending for some neuter nouns.
Suffix
-erCategory:German inflectional suffixes#ERCategory:German entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Used to form the plurals of some nouns.
Usage notes
- The plural ending -er is used in a fairly large number of neuters (including all those in -tum) and a small number of masculines.
Etymology 3
From Middle High GermanCategory:German terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:German terms derived from Middle High German#ER -ære, -er, from Old High GermanCategory:German terms inherited from Old High German#ERCategory:German terms derived from Old High German#ER -āri, from Proto-GermanicCategory:German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:German terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *warjaz.
Suffix
-er m (strong, genitive -ers, plural -er)Category:German lemmas#ERCategory:German suffixes#ERCategory:German noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:German entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:German masculine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms nouns indicating an inhabitant of a place, or a person originating from a place.
Declension
Derived terms
Etymology 4
Probably originated from the prepositioned genitive plural of etymology 3 above, e.g.: der Berliner Pfannkuchen = "the Berliners’ pancake", and then "the Berlin(er) pancake", reanalysed as an adjective instead of a noun and seen as being in the nominative singular (due to the ambiguity of the definite article der, which is both masculine nominative and plural genitive).[2][3]
Suffix
-erCategory:German lemmas#ERCategory:German suffixes#ERCategory:German entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms invariable adjectives from place names, with a genitival meaning, indicating origin from or association with that place.
Usage notes
- In contemporary German, words formed with this suffix -er are written with a capital letter (§ 61 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2018), e.g. ein Berliner Pfannkuchen. In the past, they were sometimes written with a lowercase letter like most other adjectives, e.g. ein berliner Pfannkuchen.[4]
- In case of placenames which are written with a space, the derived word can be written with a space or with a hyphen (§ 49 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2011), e.g. Bad Schandau → Bad Schandauer or Bad-Schandauer.
- Since adjectives in -er are undeclined, they cannot normally support genitives by themselves. However, in the feminine and plural the ending -er happens to be same as that of a declined (strong) adjective and according pseudo-genitives may be encountered, such as Meldungen Berliner Zeitungen (“reports of Berlin newspapers”) instead of more proper Meldungen von Berliner Zeitungen. Such usage has been discouraged, but is no longer considered an error.
Derived terms
Etymology 5
From Middle High GermanCategory:German terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:German terms derived from Middle High German#ER -er.
Suffix
-erCategory:German inflectional suffixes#ERCategory:German entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
References
- ↑ A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, →ISBN; § 175
- ↑ Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1793), pages 1848-1852, sub verbo 4. -Er
- ↑ Hermann Möller, Ahd. frôno (nhd. fron-) als elliptischer Plural, in the Zeitschrift für deutsche Wortforschung, volume 4 (editor Friedrich Kluge; Straßburg, 1903), page 95
- ↑ The current official spelling rules prescribe the capital letter without further explanation and without indicating the part of speech of the words formed with the suffix (compare -isch/-sch, derivatives of which are labelled adjectives in § 62).
Hungarian
Etymology
Possibly an unadapted borrowing from EnglishCategory:Hungarian terms borrowed from English#ERCategory:Hungarian unadapted borrowings from English#ERCategory:Hungarian terms derived from English#ER -er, by analogy of word pairs like blog and blogger (whose doubled final consonant is consistently pronounced long in Hungarian, as opposed to English) and/or perhaps earlier borrowed word pairs like stop and stoppol. Other existing slang terms ending in -er, like vaker, haver, sóder, might have played some role. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)Category:Requests for references for etymologies in Hungarian entries#ER
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Hungarian lemmas#ERCategory:Hungarian suffixes#ERCategory:Hungarian entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (slangCategory:Hungarian slang#ER, slightly derogatoryCategory:Hungarian derogatory terms#ER) Added to a shortened form of a noun, lengthening the first consonant following its first vowel, to derive a noun.
Derived terms
See also
- -esz (as in alkesz, pálesz; slang terms)
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Further reading
- A szavak megoszlása az élő nyelvhasználathoz viszonyítva. Section: Formai neologizmusok (Judit Szépe, linguist)
Latin
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Latin non-lemma forms#ERCategory:Latin suffix forms#ERCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- first-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Luxembourgish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Middle High GermanCategory:Luxembourgish terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:Luxembourgish terms derived from Middle High German#ER -er(e), older -ære, from Old High GermanCategory:Luxembourgish terms inherited from Old High German#ERCategory:Luxembourgish terms derived from Old High German#ER -āri, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Luxembourgish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Luxembourgish terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-ārijaz, from LatinCategory:Luxembourgish terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius.
Suffix
-er (derivational)Category:Luxembourgish lemmas#ERCategory:Luxembourgish suffixes#ERCategory:Luxembourgish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- -er (forms agent nouns from verbs)
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Middle High GermanCategory:Luxembourgish terms inherited from Middle High German#ERCategory:Luxembourgish terms derived from Middle High German#ER -er, from a confluence of various Old High German endings.
The use for all feminine datives (rather than only strong ones as in German) is found in Central Franconian from the earliest records (as in Dutch). The use with independent plural adjectives goes back to the original genitive (generalized from partitive constructions). Compare the corresponding neuter form in -es (as in vill Guddes), which is likewise from a genitive.
Suffix
-er (inflectional)Category:Luxembourgish lemmas#ERCategory:Luxembourgish suffixes#ERCategory:Luxembourgish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- forms the comparatives of some adjectives (in limited use, see notes at méi)
- forms the feminine dative of determiners and adjectives
- Et ass déi zweet Dier op der rietser Säit.
- It’s the second door on your right hand.
- forms the independent nominative/accusative plural of adjectives (when used with neither a preceding determiner nor a following noun)
- Ech hunn zwou Zorte Brieder kaaft: décker an dënner.
- I bought two kinds of boards: thick ones and thin.
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old DutchCategory:Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch#ERCategory:Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch#ER -iro, -oro, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-izô, *-ōzô.
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle Dutch lemmas#ERCategory:Middle Dutch suffixes#ERCategory:Middle Dutch adjective-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- -er. Forms the comparative of adjectives.
Alternative forms
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
- Dutch: -er
Middle English
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Old FrenchCategory:Middle English terms borrowed from Old French#ERCategory:Middle English terms derived from Old French#ER -ier, from LatinCategory:Middle English terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-ˈeːr/, /-ər/Category:Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation#ER
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle English lemmas#ERCategory:Middle English suffixes#ERCategory:Middle English noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (chiefly no longer productive) Reflects Old French deverbal formations forming agent or instrument nouns.
Usage notes
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- “-ē̆r(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Old FrenchCategory:Middle English terms borrowed from Old French#ERCategory:Middle English terms derived from Old French#ER -er, from LatinCategory:Middle English terms derived from Latin#ER -āre, from Proto-ItalicCategory:Middle English terms derived from Proto-Italic#ER *-āzi.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-ˈeːr/, /-ər/Category:Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation#ER
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle English lemmas#ERCategory:Middle English suffixes#ERCategory:Middle English noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (no longer productive) Reflects Old French infinitives in nominal use.
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- “-ēr, suf.(4).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 3
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle English alternative forms#ERCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- alternative form of -ere (agentive suffix)
Etymology 4
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle English alternative forms#ERCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- alternative form of -ere (comparative suffix)
Etymology 5
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle English alternative forms#ERCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- alternative form of -re (plural suffix)
Etymology 6
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle English alternative forms#ERCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- alternative form of -eren
Middle French
Etymology 1
Inherited from Old FrenchCategory:Middle French terms inherited from Old French#ERCategory:Middle French terms derived from Old French#ER -ier / -er, from LatinCategory:Middle French terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Middle French terms derived from Latin#ER -āre.
Alternative forms
- -ier (typically early Middle French)
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle French lemmas#ERCategory:Middle French suffixes#ERCategory:Middle French entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs
Usage notes
- Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix
Derived terms
Descendants
- French: -er
Etymology 2
Inherited from Old French -ier.
Category:Middle French terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Middle French terms derived from Latin#ERCategory:Middle French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ERCategory:Middle French terms derived from Old French#ERCategory:Middle French terms inherited from Old French#ERCategory:Middle French terms derived from Proto-Italic#ERCategory:Pages with etymology trees#ERCategory:Middle French entries with etymology trees#ERCategory:Middle French entries with etymology texts#ERAlternative forms
- -ier (typically early Middle French)
Suffix
-erCategory:Middle French lemmas#ERCategory:Middle French suffixes#ERCategory:Middle French entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
Derived terms
Descendants
Norman
Etymology
Inherited from LatinCategory:Norman terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Norman terms derived from Latin#ER -āre.
Suffix
-erCategory:Norman lemmas#ERCategory:Norman suffixes#ERCategory:Norman entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- alternative form of -ier, verbal suffix
Derived terms
Northern Kurdish
Etymology
Most probably not a cognate of English -er or Latin -ōr or -tōr, and instead a back-formation from -ker (a variant of -ger (“-ist”)) understood as "k-" (present stem of kirin) + "-er". Natively only exists with the most basic verbs such as kirin (-ker), birin (-ber), xistin (-xer or -xîner or -êxer), dan (-der), anîn/înan (-îner)... Later also conflated with -kar (“suffix indicating a job or duty”) and -dar (“suffix indicating a possessor”). Popularized in the 20th century under the influence of similar suffixes in European languages. Before that (and now natively) diminutives such as -ok, -oke, -ek, -ik was used to form agent nouns; which are also present participle suffixes.
Despite being less likely, can still be from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Northern Kurdish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#ERCategory:Northern Kurdish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ER *-tḗr, but the -r- is lost in Northwestern Iranic and that would have given *-it, *-id or lost entirely depending on the position, compare Persian برادر and Northern Kurdish bira.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-er fCategory:Northern Kurdish lemmas#ERCategory:Northern Kurdish suffixes#ERCategory:Northern Kurdish noun-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Northern Kurdish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Northern Kurdish feminine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something
- bû (“to be”) + -er → bûyer (“event”)
- destpêkirin (“to start”) + -er → destpêker (“starter”)
Derived terms
Norwegian Bokmål
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From DanishCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms inherited from Danish#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Danish#ER -er.
Suffix
-erCategory:Norwegian Bokmål lemmas#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål suffixes#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
Etymology 2
From DanishCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms inherited from Danish#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Danish#ER -er, from Old NorseCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms inherited from Old Norse#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Old Norse#ER -ari, from Medieval LatinCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Medieval Latin#ER and Middle Low GermanCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Middle Low German#ER words, both from Proto-GermanicCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *-ārijaz, from LatinCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius.
Suffix
-erCategory:Norwegian Bokmål lemmas#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål suffixes#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
Etymology 3
From DanishCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms inherited from Danish#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Danish#ER -er.
Suffix
-erCategory:Norwegian Bokmål lemmas#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål suffixes#ERCategory:Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- suffix added to most of indefinite plural nouns, usually identical to Danish, but unlike Nynorsk and Swedish
Derived terms
References
- “-er” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
Suffix
-erCategory:Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas#ERCategory:Norwegian Nynorsk suffixes#ERCategory:Norwegian Nynorsk entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Used to form indefinite plurals for most feminine nouns.
- Used to form indefinite plurals for some masculine nouns.
- Used to form present tense for one class of weak verbs.
- (obsoleteCategory:Norwegian Nynorsk terms with obsolete senses#ER) Used to form present tense for strong verbs.
Suffix
-erCategory:Norwegian Nynorsk non-lemma forms#ERCategory:Norwegian Nynorsk suffix forms#ERCategory:Norwegian Nynorsk entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- imperative of -era
Old English
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Old English lemmas#ERCategory:Old English suffixes#ERCategory:Old English entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- alternative form of -or
Old French
Etymology 1
Inherited from LatinCategory:Old French terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Old French terms derived from Latin#ER -āre.
Suffix
-erCategory:Old French lemmas#ERCategory:Old French suffixes#ERCategory:Old French entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- alternative form of -ier, verbal suffix
Usage notes
- All varieties of Old French use -er but it's more common in Anglo-Norman than in France, specifically before certain consonants such as c and g.
Etymology 2
From LatinCategory:Old French terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Old French terms derived from Latin#ER -ārius.
Suffix
-erCategory:Old French lemmas#ERCategory:Old French suffixes#ERCategory:Old French entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (chiefly Anglo-NormanCategory:Anglo-Norman#ER) alternative form of -ier, suffix indicating a profession
- falconer, fauconer
- falconer
Old Frisian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-West GermanicCategory:Old Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:Old Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *iʀ, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Old Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Old Frisian terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ER *iz, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Old Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#ERCategory:Old Frisian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ER *ís. Cognates include Old High German er, Old Norse er and Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is).
Pronunciation
Pronoun
-erCategory:Old Frisian lemmas#ERCategory:Old Frisian pronouns#ERCategory:Old Frisian enclitics#ERCategory:Old Frisian entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- enclitic nominative of hī
Descendants
Old Swedish
Etymology
From Old NorseCategory:Old Swedish terms inherited from Old Norse#ERCategory:Old Swedish terms derived from Old Norse#ER -r.
Suffix
-erCategory:Old Swedish lemmas#ERCategory:Old Swedish suffixes#ERCategory:Old Swedish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- denotes the nominative singular of adjectives, masculine a-stem, i-stem, u-stem, and an-stem, as well as feminine ijo-stem nouns
- denotes the nominative and accusative plurals of r- and consonant stem nouns
Polish
Etymology
Borrowed from EnglishCategory:Polish terms borrowed from English#ERCategory:Polish terms derived from English#ER -er.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-er mCategory:Polish lemmas#ERCategory:Polish suffixes#ERCategory:Polish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Polish masculine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- -er, creates an agent noun
Declension
Animate:
Animal:
Inanimate:
Derived terms
Further reading
- -er in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
Etymology
Inherited from Old Galician-PortugueseCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese#ERCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese#ER -er, from LatinCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Latin#ER -ēre. The short -ere of some Latin verbs was reinterpreted as either -er or -ir.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈe(ʁ)/ [ˈe(h)]Category:Portuguese 1-syllable words#ERCategory:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation#ER
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /ˈe(ɾ)/Category:Portuguese 1-syllable words#ERCategory:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation#ER
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ˈe(ʁ)/ [ˈe(χ)]Category:Portuguese 1-syllable words#ERCategory:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation#ER
- (Caipira) IPA(key): /ˈe(ɻ)/Category:Portuguese 1-syllable words#ERCategory:Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation#ER
- Rhymes: (Portugal, São Paulo) -eɾ, (Brazil) -eʁ, (Brazil, with r-dropping) -eCategory:Rhymes:Portuguese/eɾ#ERCategory:Rhymes:Portuguese/eɾ/1 syllable#ERCategory:Rhymes:Portuguese/eʁ#ERCategory:Rhymes:Portuguese/eʁ/1 syllable#ERCategory:Rhymes:Portuguese/e#ERCategory:Rhymes:Portuguese/e/1 syllable#ER
Suffix
-er (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -i, past participle -ido)Category:Portuguese lemmas#ERCategory:Portuguese suffixes#ERCategory:Portuguese verb-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Portuguese verbs ending in -er#ERCategory:Portuguese entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- forms the infinitive of the second-conjugation verbs
Conjugation
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) |
Second-person (tu) |
Third-person (ele / ela / você) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | -er | |||||
| Personal | -er | -eres | -er | -ermos | -erdes | -erem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| -endo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | -ido | -idos | ||||
| Feminine | -ida | -idas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | -o | -es | -e | -emos | -eis | -em |
| Imperfect | -ia | -ias | -ia | -íamos | -íeis | -iam |
| Preterite | -i | -este | -eu | -emos | -estes | -eram |
| Pluperfect | -era | -eras | -era | -êramos | -êreis | -eram |
| Future | -erei | -erás | -erá | -eremos | -ereis | -erão |
| Conditional | -eria | -erias | -eria | -eríamos | -eríeis | -eriam |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | -a | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
| Imperfect | -esse | -esses | -esse | -êssemos | -êsseis | -essem |
| Future | -er | -eres | -er | -ermos | -erdes | -erem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | -e | -a | -amos | -ei | -am | |
| Negative (não) | não -as | não -a | não -amos | não -ais | não -am | |
Further reading
- “-er”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
Saterland Frisian
Etymology
Category:Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ERCategory:Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ERFrom Old FrisianCategory:Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Old Frisian#ERCategory:Saterland Frisian terms derived from Old Frisian#ER -ere, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ERCategory:Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ER *-ārī. Cognates include West Frisian -er and German -er.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Saterland Frisian lemmas#ERCategory:Saterland Frisian suffixes#ERCategory:Saterland Frisian entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms agent nouns from verbs; -er
Declension
Scots
Etymology
From Middle EnglishCategory:Scots terms inherited from Middle English#ERCategory:Scots terms derived from Middle English#ER -ere, from Old EnglishCategory:Scots terms inherited from Old English#ERCategory:Scots terms derived from Old English#ER -ere.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Scots lemmas#ERCategory:Scots suffixes#ERCategory:Scots entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Forms agent nouns from verbs; -er
Spanish
Etymology
Inherited from LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#ER -ēre (second conjugation infinitive suffix). Cognate with French -oir, Italian -ere, Romanian -ea.
Suffix
-er (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)Category:Spanish lemmas#ERCategory:Spanish suffixes#ERCategory:Spanish verb-forming suffixes#ERCategory:Spanish verbs ending in -er#ERCategory:Spanish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- a verb ending for infinitives
Conjugation
Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -er verbs
| infinitive | -er | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | -iendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | -ido | -ida | |||||
| plural | -idos | -idas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | -o | -estú -ésvos |
-e | -emos | -éis | -en | |
| imperfect | -ía | -ías | -ía | -íamos | -íais | -ían | |
| preterite | -í | -iste | -ió | -imos | -isteis | -ieron | |
| future | -eré | -erás | -erá | -eremos | -eréis | -erán | |
| conditional | -ería | -erías | -ería | -eríamos | -eríais | -erían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | -a | -astú -ásvos2 |
-a | -amos | -áis | -an | |
| imperfect (ra) |
-iera | -ieras | -iera | -iéramos | -ierais | -ieran | |
| imperfect (se) |
-iese | -ieses | -iese | -iésemos | -ieseis | -iesen | |
| future1 | -iere | -ieres | -iere | -iéremos | -iereis | -ieren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
| affirmative | -etú -évos |
-a | -amos | -ed | -an | ||
| negative | no -as | no -a | no -amos | no -áis | no -an | ||
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| with infinitive -er | dative | -erme | -erte | -erle, -erse | -ernos | -eros | -erles, -erse |
| accusative | -erme | -erte | -erlo, -erla, -erse | -ernos | -eros | -erlos, -erlas, -erse | |
| with gerund -iendo | dative | -iéndome | -iéndote | -iéndole, -iéndose | -iéndonos | -iéndoos | -iéndoles, -iéndose |
| accusative | -iéndome | -iéndote | -iéndolo, -iéndola, -iéndose | -iéndonos | -iéndoos | -iéndolos, -iéndolas, -iéndose | |
| with informal second-person singular tuteo imperative -e | dative | -eme | -ete | -ele | -enos | not used | -eles |
| accusative | -eme | -ete | -elo, -ela | -enos | not used | -elos, -elas | |
| with informal second-person singular voseo imperative -é | dative | -eme | -ete | -ele | -enos | not used | -eles |
| accusative | -eme | -ete | -elo, -ela | -enos | not used | -elos, -elas | |
| with formal second-person singular imperative -a | dative | -ame | not used | -ale, -ase | -anos | not used | -ales |
| accusative | -ame | not used | -alo, -ala, -ase | -anos | not used | -alos, -alas | |
| with first-person plural imperative -amos | dative | not used | -ámoste | -ámosle | -ámonos | -ámoos | -ámosles |
| accusative | not used | -ámoste | -ámoslo, -ámosla | -ámonos | -ámoos | -ámoslos, -ámoslas | |
| with informal second-person plural imperative -ed | dative | -edme | not used | -edle | -ednos | -eos | -edles |
| accusative | -edme | not used | -edlo, -edla | -ednos | -eos | -edlos, -edlas | |
| with formal second-person plural imperative -an | dative | -anme | not used | -anle | -annos | not used | -anles, -anse |
| accusative | -anme | not used | -anlo, -anla | -annos | not used | -anlos, -anlas, -anse | |
Related terms
See also
Swedish
Suffix
-erCategory:Swedish lemmas#ERCategory:Swedish suffixes#ERCategory:Swedish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- One of two suffixes for indefinite plural for nouns of the third declension (common and neuter); the second one is -r
- Suffix for present tense, active voice, indicative mood for one of the groups of Swedish verbs
- Agent noun suffix, often for loan words ending with -ik.
Usage notes
See the usage notes for -r.
See also
- plural suffix
- present tense suffix
- agent noun suffix
Anagrams
Turkish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Inherited from Ottoman TurkishCategory:Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish#ERCategory:Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish#ER ـر (-r, -er), from Proto-TurkicCategory:Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic#ERCategory:Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic#ER *-ür. Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰼 (r² /-(e)r/). Negative -mez are from Proto-TurkicCategory:Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic#ERCategory:Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic#ER *-meŕ, from Proto-TurkicCategory:Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic#ERCategory:Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic#ER *-me + *-er or *-ür (Azerbaijani -ər (“indefinite future suffix”) — -məz, but -ir (“simple present suffix”) — -mir).
Suffix
-erCategory:Turkish lemmas#ERCategory:Turkish suffixes#ERCategory:Turkish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Simple present and aorist tense marker
Suffix
-er -mezCategory:Turkish lemmas#ERCategory:Turkish suffixes#ERCategory:Turkish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- as soon as
- Eve gelir gelmez duş alırım.
- As soon as I get home, I take a shower.
Usage notes
- Can change to -ir (almak → alır, but içmek → içer). There are some rules governing the usage of -er/ir, the former is used in case of monosyllabic stems, while the latter is used elsewhere; with the exceptions of 14 verbs below which uses -ir on the aorist
- almak — alır
- bilmek — bilir
- bulmak — bulur
- denmek — denir
- durmak — durur
- gelmek — gelir
- görmek — görür
- kalmak — kalır
- olmak — olur
- ölmek — ölür
- sanmak — sanır
- varmak — varır
- vermek — verir
- vurmak — vurur
The suffix -r is used after verb stems ending in a vowel. Unlike most negations of tense suffixes which regularly uses the suffix -me, negative aorist suffix is -mez instead of *-mer.
Derived terms
Related terms
Etymology 2
Suffix
-erCategory:Turkish lemmas#ERCategory:Turkish suffixes#ERCategory:Turkish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- Makes adjectives out of verbs
- Makes nouns out of verbs
- kes- (“to cut”) + -er → keser (“adze”)
- Yağmur diner gibi oldu. ― The rain seems to be stopping.Category:Turkish terms with usage examples#ER
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Inherited from Ottoman TurkishCategory:Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish#ERCategory:Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish#ER ـر (-er), from Proto-TurkicCategory:Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic#ERCategory:Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic#ER [Term?]Category:Proto-Turkic term requests#ER.
Suffix
-erCategory:Turkish lemmas#ERCategory:Turkish suffixes#ERCategory:Turkish entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- suffix for distributive numbers
Derived terms
Walloon
Etymology
Inherited from Old FrenchCategory:Walloon terms inherited from Old French#ERCategory:Walloon terms derived from Old French#ER -ier, from LatinCategory:Walloon terms inherited from Latin#ERCategory:Walloon terms derived from Latin#ER -āre.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-erCategory:Walloon lemmas#ERCategory:Walloon suffixes#ERCategory:Walloon entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- forms infinitives of first conjugation verbs.
- inmer ― to loveCategory:Walloon terms with usage examples#ER
Conjugation
— 
— Conjugation of the verb -er in Walloon — Codjowaedje do viebe -er e walon| infinitive | simple | -er | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | aveur + past participle | ||||||
| gerund1 | simple | -ant | |||||
| compound | åyant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | -é | -êye | |||||
| plural | -és | -êyes | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | dji (dj') | ti (t') | i (il) / ele | dji (dj') / nos2 | vos | i (il) | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | -e | -es | -e | -ans | -ez | -èt or -nut3 |
| imperfect | -éve | -éves | -éve | -éns | -îz | -ént | |
| preterite | -a | -as | -a | -îs | -îz | -ît | |
| future | -rè | -rès | -rè | -rans | -roz | -ront | |
| conditional | -reu | -reus | -reut | -réns | -rîz | -rént | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of aveur + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of aveur + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | preterite indicative of aveur + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of aveur + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of aveur + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | ki dj' | ki t' | k' i (il) / k' ele | ki dj' / ki nos2 | ki vos | k' i (il) | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | -e | -es | -e | -anxhe | -oxhe | -èxhe or -nuxhe3 |
| imperfect | -axhe | -axhes | -axhe | -énxhe | -îxhe | -énxhe | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of aveur + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of aveur + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | -e! | — | -ans! | -ez! | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of aveur + past participle | — | simple imperative of aveur + past participle | simple imperative of aveur + past participle | — | |
| 1 The Walloon gerund is usable only with the preposition tot (Eastern, Southern) or e (Central, Western). | |||||||
| 2 The second person plural dji is used in Central and Southern dialects | |||||||
| 3 The form -èt/-exhe is used in Eastern and Southern dialects, the form -nut/-nuxhe is used in Central and Western dialects. | |||||||
Welsh
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Suffix
-erCategory:Welsh lemmas#ERCategory:Welsh suffixes#ERCategory:Welsh entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- (literaryCategory:Welsh literary terms#ER) verb suffix for the impersonal present subjunctive
- (literaryCategory:Welsh literary terms#ER) verb suffix for the impersonal imperative
Etymology 2
Borrowed from EnglishCategory:Welsh terms borrowed from English#ERCategory:Welsh terms derived from English#ER -er.[1]
Suffix
-er mCategory:Welsh lemmas#ERCategory:Welsh suffixes#ERCategory:Welsh entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Welsh masculine suffixes#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
References
Yola
Suffix
-erCategory:Yola lemmas#ERCategory:Yola suffixes#ERCategory:Yola entries with incorrect language header#ERCategory:Pages with entries#ERCategory:Pages with 38 entries#ERCategory:Pages with raw sortkeys#ER
- alternative form of -eare