-es
Catalan • Cornish • Dutch • Esperanto • French • Fwe • German • Hungarian • Latin • Middle English • Mohawk • Old English • Old Saxon • Portuguese • Romani • Spanish • Swedish • Welsh • West Frisian • Yola
Page categories
English
Pronunciation
- (after sibilant) IPA(key): /-əz/, /-ɪz/Category:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ES
- (after vowel sound) IPA(key): /-z/Category:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ES
- (US, sometimes) IPA(key): /-iːz/Category:English terms with IPA pronunciation#ES
Etymology 1
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ESCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ES -es, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ESCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ES -as. More at -s.
Suffix
-esCategory:English lemmas#ESCategory:English suffixes#ESCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Category:English inflectional suffixes#ES- Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as:
- Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y:
- Used for form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o:
- (dialectalCategory:English dialectal terms#ES) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in /sp/, /st/, /sk/
Usage notes
Nouns that end in silent e in the singular regularly form their plural with the ending -s, e.g. "fence" /ˈfɛns/→"fences" /ˈfɛnsɪz/, "bridge" /ˈbɹɪd͡ʒ/→"bridges" /ˈbɹɪd͡ʒɪz/.
A handful of words that end in the sound /s/ have developed optional (and sometimes proscribed) alternative plural forms that end in /siːz/ (pronounced like seize) in place of /sɪz/: commonly heard examples are processes and biases. This may be due to influence from the standard plurals of words like parentheses and hypotheses (where -ses /siːz/ replaces -sis /sɪs/ in the singular).
Etymology 2
From Middle EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Middle English#ESCategory:English terms derived from Middle English#ES -es, -is, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ES -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old EnglishCategory:English terms inherited from Old English#ESCategory:English terms derived from Old English#ES -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).
Suffix
-esCategory:English lemmas#ESCategory:English suffixes#ESCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:
- that end in (t)ch pronounced as /tʃ/: impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs)
- that end in (s)s: miss → misses, yes → yesses; bus → buses; buss → busses
- that end in x: tax → taxes; rendezvous → rendezvouses.
- that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes;
- that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but radio→radios)
- that end in sh: wish→wishes
- that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys)
Etymology 3
Suffix
-esCategory:English lemmas#ESCategory:English suffixes#ESCategory:English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- (obsoleteCategory:English terms with obsolete senses#ES, no longer productive) Possessive marker; see -s, -'s.
- 1573, An exposition of the kinges prerogative, collected out of the great Abridgement of Justice Fitzherbert and other olde writers of the lawes of England, page 38:
- ... whereupon king Henry his sonne, as it may appeare by the later clause of this chapter, recouered diuers eschet[s] of lande within this Realme holden by Normans, whiche after they began to adhere to the French king, the kinges enimy […]Category:English terms with quotations#ES
Anagrams
Catalan
Etymology
Inherited from LatinCategory:Catalan terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:Catalan terms derived from Latin#ES -ās.
Suffix
-es fCategory:Catalan non-lemma forms#ESCategory:Catalan suffix forms#ESCategory:Catalan entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Cornish
Etymology 1
Cognate with Welsh -yd. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. Category:Requests for expansion of etymologies in Cornish entries#ES
Suffix
-es mCategory:Cornish lemmas#ESCategory:Cornish suffixes#ESCategory:Cornish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Cornish masculine suffixes#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- Forms masculine abstract nouns
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Possibly from EnglishCategory:Cornish terms derived from English#ES -es.
Suffix
-esCategory:Cornish lemmas#ESCategory:Cornish suffixes#ESCategory:Cornish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- Plural ending
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Inherited from Proto-BrythonicCategory:Cornish terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic#ESCategory:Cornish terms derived from Proto-Brythonic#ES *-ɨd, from Proto-CelticCategory:Cornish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic#ESCategory:Cornish terms derived from Proto-Celtic#ES *-eti.
Suffix
-esCategory:Cornish lemmas#ESCategory:Cornish suffixes#ESCategory:Cornish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Etymology 4
Inherited from Proto-BrythonicCategory:Cornish terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic#ESCategory:Cornish terms derived from Proto-Brythonic#ES *-essā. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. Category:Requests for expansion of etymologies in Cornish entries#ES
Suffix
-es f (plural -esow)Category:Cornish lemmas#ESCategory:Cornish suffixes#ESCategory:Cornish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Cornish feminine suffixes#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- Forms feminine nouns
Derived terms
References
- Dr Ken George, editor (2020), An Gerlyver Meur, 3rd edition, page 192
Dutch
Etymology
From Middle DutchCategory:Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch#ESCategory:Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch#ES -esse, borrowed from Northern Old FrenchCategory:Dutch terms derived from Old French#ES -esse, from Late LatinCategory:Dutch terms derived from Late Latin#ES -issa (as in abbātissa (“abbess”)).[1]
Pronunciation
Suffix
-esCategory:Dutch lemmas#ESCategory:Dutch suffixes#ESCategory:Dutch noun-forming suffixes#ESCategory:Dutch entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- creates the female form of persons or occupations, as English -ess
Derived terms
Related terms
References
Esperanto
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-es/Category:Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation#ES
Category:Esperanto terms with audio pronunciation#ESAudio: (file) - Rhymes: -esCategory:Rhymes:Esperanto/es#ESCategory:Rhymes:Esperanto/es/1 syllable#ES
- Syllabification: -es
Suffix
-esCategory:Esperanto lemmas#ESCategory:Esperanto suffixes#ESCategory:Esperanto entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- belonging to. (Ending for genitive correlatives.)
Derived terms
French
Etymology
From LatinCategory:French terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:French terms derived from Latin#ES -ās.
Suffix
-esCategory:French lemmas#ESCategory:French suffixes#ESCategory:French entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- forms the second-person singular present indicative form of a verb
- forms the second-person singular present subjunctive form of a verb
Fwe
Suffix
-esCategory:Fwe lemmas#ESCategory:Fwe suffixes#ESCategory:Fwe entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- alternative form of -is
German
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Suffix
-esCategory:German inflectional suffixes#ESCategory:German entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- alternative form of -s (genitive ending)
See also
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Category:Requests for etymologies in German entries#ESPronunciation
Suffix
-es (invariable)Category:German lemmas#ESCategory:German suffixes#ESCategory:German entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Usage notes
The -e- is omitted from the suffix when it is attached to a vowel letter (e.g. A + -es → As, not *Aes).
Derived terms
- -eses (“double flat”)
Hungarian
Pronunciation
Suffix
-esCategory:Hungarian lemmas#ESCategory:Hungarian suffixes#ESCategory:Hungarian adjective-forming suffixes#ESCategory:Hungarian noun-forming suffixes#ESCategory:Hungarian entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.
- (number-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
Usage notes
- (all senses) Variants:
- -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
Derived terms
See also
Latin
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-ItalicCategory:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic#ESCategory:Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic#ES *-ēi(s), from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#ESCategory:Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ES *-ḗy, a hysterokinetic *-ey-stem suffix only otherwise found in words like Hittite [script needed]Category:Requests for native script for Hittite terms#ES (utnē).
Suffix
-ēs f (genitive -is)Category:Latin lemmas#ESCategory:Latin suffixes#ESCategory:Latin noun-forming suffixes#ESCategory:Latin third declension suffixes#ESCategory:Latin feminine suffixes in the third declension#ESCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Latin feminine suffixes#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES; third declension
- used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form
Declension
Third-declension noun (i-stem).
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ēs | -ēs |
| genitive | -is | -ium |
| dative | -ī | -ibus |
| accusative | -em | -ēs -īs |
| ablative | -e | -ibus |
| vocative | -ēs | -ēs |
Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum).
Synonyms
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From *-h₁i-t-, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#ESCategory:Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ES *h₁ey-, the root of eō, īre (“to go”). Because the nominative singular would regularly have developed to *-is, the attested ending *-es has to be explained as an analogical replacement based on the alternation between -ĕ- in the closed final syllable of the nominative singular and -ĭ- in the open medial syllable of oblique forms that developed regularly in other nouns as a result of the sound change of vowel reduction.[1]
Suffix
-es m (genitive -itis)Category:Latin lemmas#ESCategory:Latin suffixes#ESCategory:Latin noun-forming suffixes#ESCategory:Latin third declension suffixes#ESCategory:Latin masculine suffixes in the third declension#ESCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Latin masculine suffixes#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES; third declension
- used to form third-declension nouns, most of which have senses along the lines of 'one who goes (by)'
Declension
Third-declension noun.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
-ēsCategory:Latin non-lemma forms#ESCategory:Latin suffix forms#ESCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- second-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Etymology 4
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
-esCategory:Latin non-lemma forms#ESCategory:Latin suffix forms#ESCategory:Latin entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
References
- ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “comes”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129
Middle English
Etymology 1
From Old EnglishCategory:Middle English terms inherited from Old English#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Old English#ES -as (a-stem nominative/accusative plural suffix), of disputed origin.
Alternative forms
- -as, -æs (Early Middle English); -s (especially Late Middle English)
- -is, -ys (Northern, Early Scots); -us (West Midland)
Suffix
-esCategory:Middle English lemmas#ESCategory:Middle English suffixes#ESCategory:Middle English inflectional suffixes#ESCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- Used to form the (nominative/accusative) plural form of regular nouns.
Usage notes
- Especially after the Early Middle English period, this suffix often (but not always) takes the form -s after polysyllabic nouns, though in nouns ending in the sequences /əl/, /əm/, /ən/, /ər/, the /ə/ of the root may be dropped instead, as in thondres (“thunders”). However, due to the influence of the Old French plural suffix -s, even monosyllabic nouns borrowed from Old French often take -s; if they end in /t/, this is often lost before the suffix: servauns (“servants”), following the parallel simplifications of Middle English /ts/ and Old French /t͡s/ to /s/.
- Due to Old English and early Middle English sound changes, the noun stem may undergo modification when this suffix is attached, most notably:
Descendants
References
- “-(e)s, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Language”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 77, page 216.
- Sandved, Arthur (1985), “10. Inflection”, in Introduction to Chaucerian English (Chaucer Studies; 11), Part II: Morphology, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 46-47.
Etymology 2
From Old EnglishCategory:Middle English terms inherited from Old English#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Old English#ES -es, from Proto-West GermanicCategory:Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ES *-as, form Proto-GermanicCategory:Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ES *-as.
The use of this suffix as a genitive plural is due to the combined influence of its use as a genitive singular and the plural suffix -es.
Alternative forms
- -s (mostly Late Middle English)
- -is, -ys (Northern, Early Scots); -us (West Midland)
Suffix
-esCategory:Middle English lemmas#ESCategory:Middle English suffixes#ESCategory:Middle English inflectional suffixes#ESCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- Used to form the genitive singular of nouns.
- Used to form the genitive plural of nouns.
- (Early Middle EnglishCategory:Early Middle English#ES, rareCategory:Middle English terms with rare senses#ES) Forms the strong genitive singular of adjectives.
Usage notes
- Certain nouns may take no genitive ending, especially z-stems, and in Southern Middle English, nouns derived from Old English feminines; see those nouns' entries for details. Especially in Northern Middle English, there is also a tendency to omit the genitive in nouns denoting people, especially proper names. In some situations it is difficult to determine whether these nouns should be considered an endingless genitive or an nominative/accusative being used attributively.[1][2][3]
- Beginning in the last quarter of the 14th century, this suffix comes to follow a noun phrase rather than a single noun in the so-called "group genitive" construction.[4][3]
- Nouns ending with (nominative/accusative) plural suffixes other than -es tend to avoid taking this ending for the genitive plural: instead, following a Middle English tendency to eliminate case distinctions in the plural, consonant stems undergo umlaut, weak nouns/n-stems take -ene, and z-stems take -re or -rene.[5] Though traces of the modern English pattern where -'s is added after irregular plural forms are visible in late Middle English forms such as childrenes (“children's”) for earlier childrene, the nonattestation of forms such as *fetes (“feet's”) and oxenes (“oxen's”) demonstrates that the reinterpretation of the genitive ending as a clitic is still incomplete by the end of the period.
- Like the plural suffix -es, this suffix may induce alternations in the noun stem or be simplified to -s before polysyllabic nouns and nouns borrowed from French, though these tendencies are relatively circumscribed: certain alternations do not occur with this suffix and it retains its full form more often than the plural suffix.
- In adjectives, this suffix is abandoned from an early stage due to the analogy of the weak declension and other cases, furthermore, the presence of the nominal genitive ending -es rendered it both superfluous and vulnerable to of long-distance haplology.
Descendants
References
- ↑ “-(e)s, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ↑ Mossé, Fernand (1952), “V. The Substantives”, in James A. Walker, transl., A Handbook of Middle English, I. Grammar: Part Two. The Forms, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, translation of Manuel du l'Anglais de Moyen Age des Origines au XIVe Siècle (in French), →OCLC, § 56, page 49.
- 1 2 Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Case”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, pages 71-72, 78; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, , →ISBN.
- ↑ Allen, Cynthia (13 November 2008), “4. Genitive case in Middle English”, in Genitives in Early English: Typology and Evidence, Oxford University Press, , →ISBN, § 4.4, page 152.
- ↑ Berndt, Rolf (1968), “Bemerkungen zur geschichtlichen Entwicklung der englischen Sprache”, in Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, volume 16, number 2, Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, page 167.
Etymology 3
From the Old English adverbial suffix -es, taken from the genitive singular suffix -es due to the analogy of genitive singular forms bearing the suffix used adverbially, although applied indiscriminately to adverbs, prepositions, and nouns which formed the genitive singular differently; see Etymology 2.
Alternative forms
Suffix
-esCategory:Middle English lemmas#ESCategory:Middle English suffixes#ESCategory:Middle English derivational suffixes#ESCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Usage notes
- As adverbs often receive reduced sentence stress, this suffix often takes the form -s even when added to monosyllabic roots; however, these forms tended to alternate with unreduced forms in -es rather than being used exclusively.
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- “-(e)s, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 4
inherited from Anglian Old EnglishCategory:Middle English terms inherited from Anglian Old English#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Anglian Old English#ES -as (class 2 weak second-person singular),[1] from Proto-West GermanicCategory:Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ES *-ōs, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ES *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ES *-eh₂yési. Compare the competing second-person singular suffix -est.
In Northumbrian Old English, -as was extended to the third-person singular as a semantic loan from Old NorseCategory:Middle English semantic loans from Old Norse#ESCategory:Middle English terms derived from Old Norse#ES -ar, -ir, -r, which formed both the second- and third-person singular present indicative.[2] The model provided by the resultant variation in third-person singular forms soon led to -aþ being supplemented by -as in the plural as well, with the innovative forms in /s/ eventually mostly displacing those in /θ/ in Northern Middle English. However, it is occasionally supposed that the third-person singular and plural are unrelated to the second-person singular, with the former deriving from Old English -aþ (the failure of /θ/ to become /s/ elsewhere is explained by this being a special assimilatory or dissimilatory form that was subsequently generalised)[3] and the latter deriving from the Old English nominative/accusative noun plural -as.
Alternative forms
- -is, -us, -ys
- -s (especially Late Middle English)
Pronunciation
Suffix
-esCategory:Middle English lemmas#ESCategory:Middle English suffixes#ESCategory:Middle English inflectional suffixes#ESCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES (especially NorthernCategory:Northern Middle English#ES, North MidlandCategory:Northeast Midland Middle English#ESCategory:Northwest Midland Middle English#ES)
- Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs.
- Used to form the third-person singular present indicative of verbs.
- Used to form the plural present indicative of verbs.
- (Late Middle EnglishCategory:Late Middle English#ES) Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of verbs.
Usage notes
- In the plural and first-person singular present indicative, the use of this suffix is often regulated by the Northern Subject Rule: verbs do not take it when they are directly adjacent to the plural personal pronouns we, yow, and þei and first-person singular personal pronoun I/ik respectively.
- In the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire and North Midland Middle English, this suffix competes with -en in the plural present indicative: it is more common in the East and West Ridings, Lancashire, and Lincolnshire, but less common in Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire.[4]
- In the third-person singular present indicative, this suffix gradually penetrates southwards over the course of the Middle English period (replacing -eth), although it does not become usual in the standard language until after the Middle English period.[1]
- The syncopation of this suffix's vowel is especially frequent in Later Middle English and after vowel-final verb stems; only syncopated forms are found in the Early Modern standard.[5]
- Preterite-present verbs usually do not take this suffix, but instead remain endingless in the second-person indicative singular in Northern Middle English; compare Northern Middle English þou may with East Midland Middle English þou mayst.
Descendants
References
- 1 2 “-(e)s, suf.(4).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ↑ Luick, Karl (1929-1940), Herbert Wild, Friedrich Koziol, editors, Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache, Erster Band, II. Abteilung, Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, published 1940, →OCLC, § 698, page 924.
- ↑ Jespersen, Otto (1942), A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und Handbücher; 9), volume VI: Morphology, London: George Allen & Unwin, published 1961, § 3.5, page 17.
- ↑ McIntosh, Angus; Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Benskin, Michael (2013) [1986], Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, editors, eLALME: A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English, Edinburgh: Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics; revised November 2024.
- ↑ Dobson, E[ric] J. (1957), English pronunciation 1500-1700, second edition, volume II: Phonology, Oxford: Clarendon Press, published 1968, →OCLC, § 313, pages 883-884.
Etymology 5
Suffix
-esCategory:Middle English alternative forms#ESCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- alternative form of -yssh
Etymology 6
Suffix
-esCategory:Middle English alternative forms#ESCategory:Middle English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- alternative form of -esse (-ess)
Mohawk
Suffix
-esCategory:Mohawk lemmas#ESCategory:Mohawk suffixes#ESCategory:Mohawk entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Old English
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
The a-stem genitive singular ending is derived from Proto-West GermanicCategory:Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic#ESCategory:Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic#ES *-as, from Proto-GermanicCategory:Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ES *-as. Based on the voiceless *s, Ringe 2006 argues that this ending was analogically taken from the genitive singular determiner *þas, from *tósyo.[1]
Alternative forms
- -æs — early
Suffix
-esCategory:Old English lemmas#ESCategory:Old English suffixes#ESCategory:Old English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- genitive case/possessive marker for a-stem nouns, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
- forms the strong masculine/neuter genitive singular of adjectives
- used in formation of adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy
- dæġes (adverb) ― by dayCategory:Old English terms with usage examples#ES
- nihtes (adverb) ― by nightCategory:Old English terms with usage examples#ES
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- ↑ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN, page 201
Etymology 2
Suffix
-esCategory:Old English lemmas#ESCategory:Old English suffixes#ESCategory:Old English entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES (AnglianCategory:Anglian Old English#ES)
Old Saxon
Etymology
From Proto-GermanicCategory:Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-Germanic#ESCategory:Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-Germanic#ES *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanCategory:Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European#ESCategory:Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-Indo-European#ES *-es, *-oes (plural ending).
Pronunciation
Suffix
-esCategory:Old Saxon lemmas#ESCategory:Old Saxon suffixes#ESCategory:Old Saxon entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
- used in formation of adverbs
- dages (adverb) ― daysCategory:Old Saxon terms with usage examples#ES
- nahtes (adverb) ― nightsCategory:Old Saxon terms with usage examples#ES
Descendants
Portuguese
Etymology 1
From LatinCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Latin#ES -ēs (2nd conj.), -is (3rd conj.), -īs (4th conj.).
Suffix
-es (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)Category:Portuguese non-lemma forms#ESCategory:Portuguese suffix forms#ESCategory:Portuguese entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- forms the 2nd-person singular present indicative of 2nd and 3rd conjugation verbs
- forms the 2nd-person singular present subjunctive of 1st conjugation verbs
- forms the 2nd-person singular negative imperative of 1st conjugation verbs
Etymology 2
From LatinCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Latin#ES -ēs (accusative plural of masculine and feminine 3rd-declension nouns)
Suffix
-es m pl or f pl (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix or adjective-forming suffix)Category:Portuguese non-lemma forms#ESCategory:Portuguese suffix forms#ESCategory:Portuguese entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- forms the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in -r, -z, stressed -s and of some ending in -n
Etymology 3
From Old Galician-PortugueseCategory:Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese#ESCategory:Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese#ES -ez, further origins unknown. The preferred options are that it was either an internal innovation (from a reanalysis of the genitive in names ending with -ricus, i.e. -rici, as naming suffix) or a borrowing from pre-Roman languages (given the various forms the suffix took in the Middle Ages). Compare Spanish -ez.
Suffix
-es m or f by sense (proper noun-forming suffix)Category:Portuguese lemmas#ESCategory:Portuguese suffixes#ESCategory:Portuguese proper noun-forming suffixes#ESCategory:Portuguese uncountable suffixes#ESCategory:Portuguese entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Portuguese masculine and feminine suffixes by sense#ESCategory:Portuguese masculine suffixes#ESCategory:Portuguese feminine suffixes#ESCategory:Portuguese suffixes with multiple genders#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- (no longer productive) -son (a suffix added to a given name to form a patronymic surname)
References
- PIEL, J. M. (1963), “Sobre os apelidos portugueses do tipo patronímico em-ici/-es”, in Boletim de Filologia, pages 59–63
- BOULLÓN AGRELO, Ana Isabel (1995), “Cronoloxía e variación das fórmulas patronímicas na Galica altomedieval”, in Verba, number 22, pages 449–475
- BOBONE, Carlos (2017), Os Apelidos Portugueses-Um Panorama Histórico, Leya
- LAPESA, Rafael (1968), Historia de la lengua española
Romani
Etymology
Inherited from SanskritCategory:Romani terms inherited from Sanskrit#ESCategory:Romani terms derived from Sanskrit#ES -अस्य (-asya).
Suffix
-esCategory:Romani lemmas#ESCategory:Romani suffixes#ESCategory:Romani entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- desinence used to form the singular accusative case of oikoclitic (pre-European) masculine animate nouns
Derived terms
References
- Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “-es”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 48
- Yaron Matras (2002), “Historical and linguistic origins”, in Romani: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 39
Spanish
Etymology 1
From LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#ES -ēs, the accusative plural ending of most third declension nouns.
Suffix
-esCategory:Spanish non-lemma forms#ESCategory:Spanish suffix forms#ESCategory:Spanish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- suffix indicating the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in certain consonants (most often -l, -r, -n, -d, -z, -j, -s, -x, -ch, with some exceptions).
Related terms
Etymology 2
From LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#ES -ēs, LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#ES -is, and LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#ES -īs, the second-person singular present active indicative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
Suffix
-esCategory:Spanish non-lemma forms#ESCategory:Spanish suffix forms#ESCategory:Spanish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
Etymology 3
From LatinCategory:Spanish terms inherited from Latin#ESCategory:Spanish terms derived from Latin#ES -ēs, the second-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
Suffix
-esCategory:Spanish non-lemma forms#ESCategory:Spanish suffix forms#ESCategory:Spanish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs
See also
Further reading
- “plural”, in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas [Panhispanic Dictionary of Doubts] (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Royal Spanish Academy; Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, 2023, →ISBN
Swedish
Etymology 1
Variant of -s (etymology 2) with a reduction of the preceding -a.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-esCategory:Swedish lemmas#ESCategory:Swedish suffixes#ESCategory:Swedish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- Marks the present tense passive of verbs of the second and fourth conjugations (weak and strong -er verbs respectively) that have stems ending in s.
Usage notes
Verms whose stems do not end in -s normally take the -s suffix for the passive voice. Until the middle decades of the 20th century (approximately), the norm in writing was to use -es with all -er verbs, but this use is considered archaic today.
Etymology 2
Ultimately from LatinCategory:Swedish terms derived from Latin#ES -ensis.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-esCategory:Swedish lemmas#ESCategory:Swedish suffixes#ESCategory:Swedish entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Derived terms
Anagrams
Welsh
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Inherited from Middle WelshCategory:Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh#ESCategory:Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh#ES -es, from the Proto-BrythonicCategory:Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic#ESCategory:Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic#ES -issā, ultimately borrowed from (or perhaps cognate to) LatinCategory:Welsh terms derived from Latin#ES -issa, whence also English -ess. Cognate with Cornish -es.
Suffix
-es f (plural -esau)Category:Welsh lemmas#ESCategory:Welsh suffixes#ESCategory:Welsh entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Welsh feminine suffixes#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Etymology 2
Suffix
-es fCategory:Welsh lemmas#ESCategory:Welsh suffixes#ESCategory:Welsh entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Welsh feminine suffixes#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- collective noun
Derived terms
References
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “-es”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Etymology 3
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /-ɛs/, /-ɛʃ/, /-ɪʃ/Category:Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation#ES
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /-ɛs/Category:Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation#ES
Suffix
-esCategory:Welsh lemmas#ESCategory:Welsh suffixes#ESCategory:Welsh entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- (colloquialCategory:Welsh colloquialisms#ES) verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite
Derived terms
West Frisian
Pronunciation
Suffix
-esCategory:West Frisian lemmas#ESCategory:West Frisian suffixes#ESCategory:West Frisian entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
Yola
Suffix
-esCategory:Yola lemmas#ESCategory:Yola suffixes#ESCategory:Yola entries with incorrect language header#ESCategory:Pages with entries#ESCategory:Pages with 21 entries#ES
- alternative form of -ès