Wikimore

See also: 难

難	U+96E3, 難 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96E3

← 離
[U+96E2]

CJK Unified Ideographs Category:CJK Unified Ideographs block#*0000038627

雤 →
[U+96E4]

Category:Han script characters#%20

Category:Character boxes with images#*0000064104

難	U+FA68, 難 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA68

← 逸
[U+FA67]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs Category:CJK Compatibility Ideographs block#*0000064104

響 →
[U+FA69]

Category:Unspecified script characters#%20

難	U+FAC7, 難 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAC7

← 陼
[U+FAC6]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs Category:CJK Compatibility Ideographs block#*0000064199

靖 →
[U+FAC8]

Category:Unspecified script characters#%20

Translingual

Traditional	難
Simplified	难
Japanese	難
Korean	難

Alternative forms

In traditional Chinese, Japanese kyūjitai, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the component for this character is written with 廿 on top. Note that the bottom portion is written 口 overlapped by 夫 and not 中 on top of 天.
In Japanese shinjitai, the component is written with 艹 on top and has one stroke less. Due to Han unification, both traditional Chinese and Japanese forms are encoded under the same code point. The appearance of this character will differ according to the font used.
In simplified Chinese, the component is simplified to 又 instead, giving the character 难 (U+96BE).
Two compatibility ideographs exist for this character. U+FA68 corresponds to the kyūjitai form of this character while U+FAC7 corresponds to the alternative Korean form which is similar to Japanese shinjitai.

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1370, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42128
Dae Jaweon: page 1876, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4108, character 5
Unihan data for U+96E3

Unihan data for U+FA68

Unihan data for U+FAC7

Chinese

trad.		難
simp.		难
alternative forms		𨿻𩀏𩀙𩀡𩀤𨿻𩀏𩀙𩀡𩀤𩁘𩁚𩁢𩁣𩁤𩁩𩁪𩁬𩁮𩁲𩁳𪄿𪅀𪇠𪇼

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (暵) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
儺	*naːl
臡	naːl, neːl, *njeːl
嘆	n̥ʰaːn, n̥ʰaːns
灘	n̥ʰaːn, naːns, hnaːnʔ, hnaːns
擹	*n̥ʰaːn
攤	n̥ʰaːn, naːnʔ, *naːns
癱	*n̥ʰaːn
歎	*n̥ʰaːns
難	n̥ʰaːn, naːns
暵	hnaːnʔ, hnaːns
熯	hnaːnʔ, hnaːns, *njanʔ
漢	*hnaːns
戁	rnaːnʔ, njanʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns)Category:Han phono-semantic compounds#隹11: abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns)Category:Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難 + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – a type of bird. Phonetically borrowed for other senses.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan Category:Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan#隹11 Category:Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan#隹11 *mV-nar (“to suffer”).

Cognate with Tibetan མནར (mnar, “to suffer; suffering”), and possibly (via homophonous root merger) also Burmese နာ (na, “to suffer pain, to be ill”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): nán (nan²Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#難)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄢˊ

Category:Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nan²

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): nán

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): lán

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): нан (nan, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): naan⁴

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): neng⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): nan³
Gan (Wiktionary): lan⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): nàn

(Hailu, HRS): nan

(Meixian, Guangdong): nan²
Jin (Wiktionary): nan¹
Northern Min (KCR): nûing
Eastern Min (BUC): nàng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nang²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lân

(Teochew, Peng'im): nang⁵ / lang⁵

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): nang⁵
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): naan⁴
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶ne / ²nae / ²noe / ²ne / ²naen
- (Jinhua): ²na
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lan²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nán
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nán
  - Wade–Giles: nan²
  - Yale: nán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nan
  - Palladius: нань (nanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nän³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nan²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nan²¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: nán
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nã²⁴/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: lán
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): lan²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lã²⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нан (nan, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /næ̃²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: naan⁴
  - Yale: nàahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: naan⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: nan⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naːn²¹/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: neng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɛŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: nan³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ⁿdan²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lan⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lan³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nàn
  - Hakka Romanization System: nan^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nan²
  - Sinological IPA: /nan¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: nan
  - Sinological IPA: /nan⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: nan²
  - Sinological IPA: /nan¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: nan¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /næ̃¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nûing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nuiŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: nàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡaŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: nang²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: náng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: nang²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lân
  - Tâi-lô: lân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: laan
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /lan²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /lan²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /lan¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: nang⁵ / lang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nâng / lâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naŋ⁵⁵/, /laŋ⁵⁵/

Note: lang5 - Chaozhou.

- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: nang⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /naŋ²²/
Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: naan⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nan²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ne
  - MiniDict: ne^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³ne
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ne²³/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ²nae
  - MiniDict: nae^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /ne³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /nɛ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /nɛ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /nɛ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /nɛ³¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /nɛ²²/
- (Northern: Chongming)
  - Wugniu: ²noe
  - MiniDict: noe^平
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ɦnø²⁴/
- (Northern: Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ²ne
  - MiniDict: ne^平
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ne²²³/
- (Northern: Hangzhou, Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu: ²naen
  - MiniDict: naen^平
  - MiniDict: naeon^平
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /nẽ̞²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /næ̃²³¹/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ²na
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /nɑ³¹³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: lan²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃an¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 難 (難易)
Mandarin	Beijing	/nan³⁵/
	Harbin	/nan²⁴/
	Tianjin	/nan⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/nã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/nã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/nan⁴²/
	Xi'an	/nã²⁴/
	Xining	/nã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/nan⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/lɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/nan⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nan²¹³/
	Chengdu	/nan³¹/
	Guiyang	/nan²¹/
	Kunming	/nã̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/laŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/læ̃⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/næ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/nɑŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/næ̃³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ne²³/
	Suzhou	/ne̞¹³/
	Hangzhou	/nẽ̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/na³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/lɛ⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/lɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/lan¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nan¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/lan⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/nan¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/nɑn¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/nan²¹/
	Nanning	/nan²¹/
	Hong Kong	/nan²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/lan³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/naŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/nuiŋ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/laŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/naŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: nan

Rime
Character	難
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	那干切
Baxter	nan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/nɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/nɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nan/
Li Rong	/nɑn/
Wang Li	/nɑn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/nɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	naan⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤar/

(Zhengzhang): /*n̥ʰaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	難
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nán
Middle Chinese	‹ nan ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁar/
English	difficult
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	難
Reading #	1/2
No.	4897
Phonetic component	暵
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	難
Old Chinese	/*n̥ʰaːn/
Notes	朱駿聲暵省聲

Definitions

難Category:Chinese lemmas#隹11 Category:Chinese hanzi#隹11 Category:Chinese entries with incorrect language header#隹11 Category:Pages with entries#難 Category:Pages with 6 entries#難

difficult; hard; troublesome
為人父母很難。 [MSC, trad.]
为人父母很难。 [MSC, simp.]
Wéirén fùmǔ hěn nán. [Pinyin]
it is difficult being a parent.
Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples

這項工作非常難。 [MSC, trad.]
这项工作非常难。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhè xiàng gōngzuò fēicháng nán. [Pinyin]
This job is very hard.
Category:Mandarin terms with usage examples
- 人之言曰，為君難，為臣不易。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  人之言曰，为君难，为臣不易。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
  Rén zhī yán yuē, wèi jūn nán, wèi chén bùyì. [Pinyin]
  There is a saying which people have—"To be a prince is difficult; to be a minister is not easy."
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
bad; unpleasant
難看／难看 ― nánkàn ― uglyCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples

難聽／难听 ― nántīng ― unpleasant to the earCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
to feel difficult; to find difficult
- 皋陶曰：「都！在知人，在安民。」禹曰：「吁！咸若時，惟帝其難之。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  皋陶曰：「都！在知人，在安民。」禹曰：「吁！咸若时，惟帝其难之。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE
  Gāoyáo yuē: “Dōu! Zài zhīrén, zài ānmín.” Yǔ yuē: “Xū! Xián ruò shí, wéi Dì qí nán zhī.” [Pinyin]
  Gaoyao continued, "Oh! it lies in knowing men, and giving repose to the people." Yu said, "Alas! to attain to both these things might well be a difficulty even to the [deity] Di."
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
to make things difficult for; to put someone in a difficult position
difficulty; something which is difficult; issue
- 責難於君謂之恭，陳善閉邪謂之敬。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  责难于君谓之恭，陈善闭邪谓之敬。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Zé nán yú jūn wèi zhī gōng, chén shàn bì xié wèi zhī jìng. [Pinyin]
  To urge one's sovereign to difficult achievements may be called showing respect for him. To set before him what is good and repress his perversities may be called showing reverence for him.
  Category:Classical Chinese terms with quotations
79th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "difficulties" (𝍔)
alternative form of 戁 / 𫺷 (nǎn, “to dread; to fear”)
alternative form of 攤 / 摊 (“sacrificial rites for getting rid of bogeys”)

Synonyms

(difficult):

edit

不容易 (bùróngyì)
勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
困難 / 困难
疑難 / 疑难 (yínán)
硬斗 (Hokkien)
硬氣 / 硬气 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
硬水 (Hokkien)
硬繚 / 硬缭 (Hokkien)
硬頭 / 硬头 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
艱巨 / 艰巨 (jiānjù)
艱苦 / 艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
艱難 / 艰难 (jiānnán)
苦難 / 苦难 (kǔnàn)
辛勞 / 辛劳 (xīnláo)
辛苦 (xīnkǔ)

Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		難, 困難, 艱難
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		難, 困難, 艱難
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	難
	Taiwan	難
	Singapore	難
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	難
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	難
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	難
	Wuhan	難
	Guilin	難
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	難
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	難
Cantonese	Guangzhou	難, 惡 †
	Hong Kong	難, 惡 †
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	難
	Taishan	難, 惡 †
	Yangjiang	難, 惡 †
	Singapore (Guangfu)	難
Gan	Nanchang	難
Hakka	Meixian	難
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	難
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	難
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	難
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	難
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	難
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	難
Jin	Taiyuan	難
Northern Min	Jian'ou	難
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	艱難, 難
Southern Min	Xiamen	惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
	Quanzhou	惡
	Jinjiang	難
	Zhangzhou	惡
	Zhao'an	惡, 䆀 †
	Dongshan	惡
	Taipei	惡
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	惡
	Kaohsiung	惡
	Yilan	惡
	Changhua (Lukang)	惡
	Taichung	惡
	Tainan	惡, 歹 †
	Hsinchu	惡
	Kinmen	惡
	Penghu (Magong)	惡
	Penang (Hokkien)	艱苦, 歹 †
	Singapore (Hokkien)	惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
	Manila (Hokkien)	艱苦, 惡, 歹 †
	Chaozhou	惡
	Shantou	難, 惡
	Shantou (Chenghai)	惡
	Jieyang	惡, 艱苦
	Haifeng	惡
	Singapore (Teochew)	惡, 歹 †
	Leizhou	惡
	Wenchang	惡
	Haikou	惡
	Singapore (Hainanese)	惡
Puxian Min	Putian	惡
Puxian Min	Xianyou	惡
Wu	Shanghai	難
	Suzhou	難
	Wenzhou	難
Xiang	Changsha	難
Xiang	Shuangfeng	難
Note	† - only used with a verbal complement

(bad):

edit

不善 (bùshàn)
不好 (bùhǎo)
不妙 (bùmiào)
不怎麼樣 / 不怎么样 (bùzěnmeyàng)
不濟 / 不济 (bùjì)
不腆 (bùtiǎn) (Classical Chinese, self-deprecatory)
了丁 (Min Nan)
低下 (dīxià)
低劣 (dīliè)
低路 (Min Nan)
劣 (liè) (literary, or in compounds)
垃圾 (lājī) (colloquial)
屎 (Cantonese)
差 (chà)
差勁 / 差劲 (chàjìn) (colloquial)
差氣 / 差气 (Hokkien)
拙劣 (zhuōliè)
推扳 (Shanghainese)
梢跤 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
梢跤軟蹄 / 梢跤软蹄 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
梢蹬 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
欠佳 (qiànjiā)
水皮 (seoi² pei⁴) (Cantonese)
潮 (cháo) (colloquial, of quality or technique)
無良 / 无良 (wúliáng) (formal)
破 (pò) (colloquial)
跤梢 (Xiamen Hokkien)
蹩腳 / 蹩脚 (biéjiǎo)
鄙劣 (bǐliè) (literary)

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “easy”): 容易 (róngyì), 易 (yì)

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): nàn (nan⁴Category:Mandarin links with redundant target parameters#難)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nan⁴

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): nān

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): lān
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): naan⁶

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): neng³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): nan⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): lan⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): nan

(Hailu, HRS): nan^˖

(Meixian, Guangdong): nan⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): nan³
Northern Min (KCR): nūing
Eastern Min (BUC): nâng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nang⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lān

(Teochew, Peng'im): nang⁷ / lang⁷

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): nang⁶
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): naan⁶
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶ne / ⁶nae / ⁶noe / ⁶naen
- (Jinhua): ⁶na
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lan⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nàn
  - Wade–Giles: nan⁴
  - Yale: nàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nann
  - Palladius: нань (nanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nän⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nan⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nan²¹³/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: nān
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nã⁵⁵/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: lān
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): lan⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lã⁴⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: naan⁶
  - Yale: naahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: naan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: nan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naːn²²/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: neng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɛŋ³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: nan⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ⁿdan³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lan⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lan¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nan
  - Hakka Romanization System: nan
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /nan⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: nan^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /nan³³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: nan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /nan⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: nan³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /næ̃⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nūing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nuiŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: nâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡɑŋ²⁴²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: nang⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: nāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naŋ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: nang⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lān
  - Tâi-lô: lān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lan
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lan³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lan⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lan²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: nang⁷ / lang⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nāng / lāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naŋ¹¹/, /laŋ¹¹/

Note: lang7 - Chaozhou.

- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: nang⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /naŋ³³/
Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: naan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nan²²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ne
  - MiniDict: ne^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³ne
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ne²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ne²³¹/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ⁶nae
  - MiniDict: nae^去
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /ne¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /nɛ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /nɛ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /nɛ¹¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /nɛ¹¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /nɛ¹³/
- (Northern: Chongming)
  - Wugniu: ⁶noe
  - MiniDict: noe^去
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ɦnø³¹³/
- (Northern: Hangzhou, Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu: ⁶naen
  - MiniDict: naen^去
  - MiniDict: naeon^去
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /nẽ̞¹¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /næ̃¹¹/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ⁶na
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /nɑ¹⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: lan⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃an⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 難 (遭難)
Mandarin	Beijing	/nan⁵¹/
	Harbin	/nan⁵³/
	Tianjin	/nan⁵³/
	Jinan	/nã²¹/
	Qingdao	/nã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/nan³¹²/
	Xi'an	/nã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/nã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/nan¹³/
	Lanzhou	/lɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/nan²¹³/
	Wuhan	/nan³⁵/
	Chengdu	/nan¹³/
	Guiyang	/nan²¹³/
	Kunming	/nã̠²¹²/
	Nanjing	/laŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/læ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/næ̃⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/nɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/næ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ne²³/
	Suzhou	/ne̞³¹/
	Hangzhou	/nẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/na²²/
Hui	Shexian	/lɛ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/lɔ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/lan⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nan⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/lan²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/nan⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/nɑn⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/nan²²/
	Nanning	/nan²²/
	Hong Kong	/nan²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/lan²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/nɑŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/nuiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/laŋ³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/naŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: nanH

Rime
Character	難
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	奴案切
Baxter	nanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/nɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/nɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nan^H/
Li Rong	/nɑn^H/
Wang Li	/nɑn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/nɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	naan⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤar-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*naːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	難
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nàn
Middle Chinese	‹ nan^H ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁar-s/
English	difficulty
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	難
Reading #	2/2
No.	4900
Phonetic component	暵
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	攤
Old Chinese	/*naːns/

Definitions

難Category:Chinese lemmas#隹11 Category:Chinese hanzi#隹11 Category:Chinese entries with incorrect language header#隹11 Category:Pages with entries#難 Category:Pages with 6 entries#難

disaster; calamity; catastrophe
災難／灾难 ― zāinàn ― disaster, catastropheCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples

危難／危难 ― wēinàn ― calamityCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples

劫難／劫难 ― jiénàn ― calamityCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese Category:Chinese terms with obsolete senses#隹11) revolt; attack
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese Category:Chinese terms with obsolete senses#隹11) enmity; foe
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese Category:Chinese terms with obsolete senses#隹11) to blame; to scold; to reproach
質難／质难 ― zhìnàn ― to blameCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples

非難／非难 ― fēinàn ― to blameCategory:Mandarin terms with usage examples
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese Category:Chinese terms with obsolete senses#隹11) to keep out; to ward off; to refuse
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese Category:Chinese terms with obsolete senses#隹11) to argue; to debate

Synonyms

(disaster):

edit

亂兒 / 乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
人禍 / 人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
劫煞 (Hokkien)
劫難 / 劫难 (jiénàn)
厄 (literary, or in compounds)
大禍 / 大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
大難 / 大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
天災 / 天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
奇禍 / 奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
巨禍 / 巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
慘事 / 惨事 (cǎnshì)
慘劇 / 惨剧 (cǎnjù)
慘禍 / 惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
沙𧐔 (sua¹ sab⁴) (Teochew)
浩劫 (hàojié)
災 / 灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
災劫 / 灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
災厄 / 灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
災害 / 灾害 (zāihài)
災殃 / 灾殃 (zāiyāng)
災禍 / 灾祸 (zāihuò)
災變 / 灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
災障 / 灾障 (zāizhàng) (literary)
災難 / 灾难 (zāinàn)
癰疽 / 痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍事 / 祸事 (huòshì)
禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)
禍息 / 祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
禍患 / 祸患 (huòhuàn)
禍殃 / 祸殃 (huòyāng)

(to blame):

edit

僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
叱呵 (chìhē)
叱罵 / 叱骂 (chìmà)
叱責 / 叱责 (chìzé)
吆喝 (colloquial)
呲 (cī)
呲兒 / 呲儿 (cīr)
呵叱 (hēchì)
呼喝 (hūhè) (literary)
呲打 (cīda) (Northeastern Mandarin)
呵斥 (hēchì)
呵責 / 呵责 (hēzé) (literary)
喝叱 (hēchì)
嗔怪 (chēnguài) (literary)
嗔著 / 嗔着 (chēnzhe) (colloquial)
怪 (guài)
怒 (nù) (Classical Chinese)
怨怪 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
怪怨 (guàiyuàn)
怪罪 (guàizuì)
批評 / 批评 (pīpíng)
指摘 (zhǐzhāi)
指斥 (zhǐchì)
指責 / 指责 (zhǐzé)
指點 / 指点 (zhǐdiǎn)
捋 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
掛數 / 挂数 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
摘 (zhāi) (literary, or in compounds)
撻伐 / 挞伐 (tàfá) (literary, figurative)
攻 (gōng) (literary)
數落 / 数落 (shǔluo) (informal)
數說 / 数说 (shǔshuō)
斥斥 (Xiamen Hokkien)
斥罵 / 斥骂 (chìmà)
斥責 / 斥责 (chìzé)
歸咎 / 归咎 (guījiù)
歸罪 / 归罪 (guīzuì)
派 (pài)
激勵 / 激励 (jīlì) (literary)
熊 (xióng) (colloquial)
申斥 (shēnchì)
痛罵 / 痛骂 (tòngmà)
聲討 / 声讨 (shēngtǎo)
訓 / 训 (xùn) (literary, or in compounds)
訓斥 / 训斥 (xùnchì)
詬病 / 诟病 (gòubìng) (literary)
說 / 说 (shuō)
說話 / 说话 (shuōhuà)
謗議 / 谤议 (bàngyì) (literary)
譴責 / 谴责 (qiǎnzé)
責備 / 责备 (zébèi)
責怪 / 责怪 (zéguài)
責罵 / 责骂 (zémà)
責難 / 责难 (zénàn)
貶斥 / 贬斥 (biǎnchì) (literary)
貶責 / 贬责 (biǎnzé)
賴 / 赖 (lài)
非議 / 非议 (fēiyì)
非難 / 非难 (fēinàn)
鞭笞 (biānchī) (literary, figurative)
體斥 / 体斥 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)

(to argue):

edit

分說 / 分说 (fēnshuō) (literary)
分辯 / 分辩 (fēnbiàn)
力爭 / 力争 (lìzhēng)
反駁 / 反驳 (fǎnbó)
急聒 (jíguō) (literary)
扳 (literary, or in compounds)
批駁 / 批驳 (pībó)
爭執 / 争执 (zhēngzhí)
爭持 / 争持 (zhēngchí)
爭論 / 争论 (zhēnglùn)
爭議 / 争议 (zhēngyì)
爭辯 / 争辩 (zhēngbiàn)
理論 / 理论 (lǐlùn)
痛斥 (tòngchì) (as a denouncement)
盤喙錦 / 盘喙锦 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
盤話 / 盘话
相拗 (Hakka)
相諍 / 相诤 (Hokkien)
相諍相拁 / 相诤相拁 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
紛爭 / 纷争 (fēnzhēng)
聲辯 / 声辩 (shēngbiàn)
舌戰 / 舌战 (shézhàn) (to have a verbal battle with)
計較 / 计较
諍喙 / 诤喙 (Hokkien)
論戰 / 论战 (lùnzhàn)
論爭 / 论争 (lùnzhēng)
較量 / 较量 (jiàoliàng)
辯嘴 / 辩嘴 (bìng-cṳ̌) (Northern Min)
辯白 / 辩白 (biànbái)
辯解 / 辩解 (biànjiě) (to try to defend oneself)
辯論 / 辩论 (biànlùn)
辯護 / 辩护 (biànhù)
辯駁 / 辩驳 (biànbó)
駁斥 / 驳斥 (bóchì) (as a denouncement)
駁議 / 驳议 (bóyì) (literary)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (難):

→ Japanese: 難(なん) (nan)
→ Korean: 난(難) (nan)
→ Vietnamese: nạn (難Category:Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes#難)

References

“難”, in 漢語多功能字庫Category:Chinese terms with redundant script codes#難 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學Category:Chinese links with redundant wikilinks#難 Category:Chinese links with redundant alt parameters#難 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典 Category:Chinese terms with redundant script codes#難), A04467

Category:Beginning Mandarin#隹11

Japanese

Shinjitai	難
Kyūjitai ^[1]^[2]	難 `難` or 難+`︀`^?
	難󠄀 難+`󠄀`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	難󠄄 難+`󠄄`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

難

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 難)

Category:Japanese kanji#隹11 Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#隹11 Category:Japanese sixth grade kanji#隹11 Category:Japanese kyōiku kanji#隹11 Category:Japanese jōyō kanji#隹11

difficult

Readings

From Middle Chinese Category:Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese#なん難 (MC nan|nanH):

From Middle Chinese Category:Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese#なん; compare Mandarin 難 / 难 (nuó):

From native Japanese roots:

Kun: かたい (katai, 難い, Jōyō)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難^{←かたし (katasi, 難し, historical)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難}、むずかしい (muzukashii, 難しい, Jōyō)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難^{←むづかしい (mudukasii, 難しい, historical)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難}、うれい (urei, 難い)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難^{←うれひ (urefi, 難ひ, historical)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難}、かたき (kataki, 難き)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難、がたし (gatashi, 難し)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難、かたんず (katanzu, 難んず)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難、なじる (najiru, 難る)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難、むつかしい (mutsukashii, 難しい)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難、わざわい (wazawai, 難い)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難^{←わざはひ (wazafafi, 難ひ, historical)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難}、にくい (nikui, 難い)Category:Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations#難Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading かた・い#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with historical kun reading かた・し#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading むずか・しい#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with historical kun reading むづか・しい#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading うれ・い#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with historical kun reading うれ・ひ#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading かた・き#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading がた・し#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading かた・んず#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading なじ・る#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading むつか・しい#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading わざわ・い#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with historical kun reading わざは・ひ#隹11 Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading にく・い#隹11

Compounds

難(なん)解(かい) (nankai)
難(なん)境(きょう) (nankyō): difficult situation, difficult circumstances
難儀(なんぎ) (nangi)
難(なん)色(しょく) (nanshoku)
難字(なんじ) (nanji)
難(なん)事(じ)件(けん) (nanjiken)
難(なん)問(もん) (nanmon)
有(あ)り難(がと)う (arigatō)
非(ひ)難(なん) (hinan)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
難
なん Grade: 6
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
難 (kyūjitai)

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 難 read as なん#なん Category:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#なん Category:Japanese terms read with on'yomi#なん

From Middle Chinese Category:Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese#なん Category:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#なん難 (MC nan).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) なん [náꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]
IPA^(key): [nã̠ɴ]Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation#なん

Category:Japanese terms with Atamadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)#なん Category:Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent#なん

Noun

難(なん) • (nanCategory:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#難 Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#難) Category:Japanese lemmas#なん Category:Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys#なん Category:Japanese nouns#なん Category:Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji#なん Category:Japanese terms with 1 kanji#なん Category:Japanese terms spelled with 難#なん Category:Japanese single-kanji terms#なん Category:Japanese entries with incorrect language header#なん Category:Pages with entries#難 Category:Pages with 6 entries#難

difficulty

References

↑ “難”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914), 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2268 (paper), page 1186 (digital)
↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#難 Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#難 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“難”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja

難 (eumhun 어려울 난 (eoryeoul nan))Category:Korean lemmas#난 Category:Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys#난 Category:Korean hanja#난 Category:Korean entries with incorrect language header#난 Category:Pages with entries#難 Category:Pages with 6 entries#難

hanja form^? of 난 (“difficulty”)Category:Korean hanja forms#難

Compounds

난민 (難民, nanmin, “refugee”)
고난 (苦難, gonan, “hardship”)
난이도 (難易度, nanido, “degree of difficulty”)

Tày

Adjective

難 (nàn)Category:Tày lemmas#隹11 Category:Tày adjectives#隹11 Category:Tày entries with incorrect language header#隹11 Category:Pages with entries#難 Category:Pages with 6 entries#難

Nôm form of nàn (“hard, late”).Category:Tày Nôm forms

References

Dương Nhật Thanh; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003), Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Tày and Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội [Social Sciences Publishing House]

Vietnamese

Han character

難: Hán Nôm readings: nan, nạn, nản, nần, nànCategory:Vietnamese Han characters with unconfirmed readings#隹11 Category:Vietnamese lemmas Category:Vietnamese Han characters

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.Category:Requests for definitions in Vietnamese entries#隹11 Category:Vietnamese terms with redundant sortkeys#隹11

[1] “難”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[2] Haga, Gōtarō (1914), 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2268 (paper), page 1186 (digital)

[DJR-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks#難 Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters#難 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

Wikimore

難

Translingual

Alternative forms

Han character

Derived characters

Related characters

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation 1

Definitions

Synonyms

Antonyms

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Korean

Hanja

Compounds

Tày

Adjective

References

Vietnamese

Han character